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Bitcoin Fundamentals - Bitcoin Block RewardThe Bitcoin Block Reward is the batch of new Bitcoins generated by the miners after solving each block. The Block Reward is set as a basic rule and cannot be changed without agreement between the entire Bitcoin network. It started at 50 BTC during the first period. Afterwards the Block Reward gets adjusted to half of it value (Halving Event) on each cycle of 210000 blocks mined. This is the only way that new bitcoins are created. It creates an incentive for miners to secure the network. Over time the Block Reward will decreases to a value that might not cover the mining costs. At that point, the use of the Bitcoin Network might have increased sufficiently as to generate enough transaction fees to cover the mining costs. MOTIVATION Even though this is a very simple indicator, I'm currently missing a data source to compute the Block Reward value within Tradingview. Therefore, I created this indicator and its associated library function to enable its visualization and (eventually) for coders to make use of the source function to power more elaborate scripts related to the Halving Events. Hope that helps!
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎gliderfund‎
1
Bearish vs Bullish ArgumentsThe Bearish vs Bullish Arguments Indicator is a tool designed to help traders visually assess and compare the number of bullish and bearish arguments based on their custom inputs. This script enables users to input up to five bullish and five bearish arguments, dynamically displaying the bias on a clean and customizable table on the chart. This provides traders with a clear, visual representation of the market sentiment they have identified. Key Features: Customizable Inputs: Users can input up to five bullish and five bearish arguments, which are displayed in a table on the chart. Bias Calculation: The script calculates the bias (Bullish, Bearish, or Neutral) based on the number of bullish and bearish arguments provided. Color Customization: Users can customize the colors for the table background, text, and headers, ensuring the table fits seamlessly into their charting environment. Reset Functionality: A reset switch allows users to clear all input arguments with a single click, making it easy to start fresh. How It Works: Input Fields: The script provides input fields for up to five bullish and five bearish arguments. Each input is a simple text field where users can describe their arguments. Bias Calculation: The script counts the number of non-empty bullish and bearish arguments and determines the overall bias. The bias is displayed in the table with a dynamically changing color to indicate whether the market sentiment is bullish, bearish, or neutral. Customizable Table: The table is positioned on the chart according to the user's preference (top-left, top-right, bottom-left, bottom-right) and can be customized in terms of background color and text color. How to Use: Add the Indicator: Add the Bearish vs Bullish Arguments Indicator to your chart. Input Arguments: Enter up to five bullish and five bearish arguments in the provided input fields in the script settings. Customize Appearance: Adjust the table's background color, text color, and position on the chart to fit your preferences. Example Use Case: A trader might use this indicator to visually balance their arguments for and against a particular trade setup. By entering their reasons for a bullish outlook in the bullish argument fields and their reasons for a bearish outlook in the bearish argument fields, they can quickly see which side has more supporting points and make a more informed trading decision. This script was inspired by Arjoio's concepts
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎Emoprince‎
3
Depth of Market (DOM) [LuxAlgo]The Depth Of Market (DOM) tool allows traders to look under the hood of any market, taking price and volume analysis to the next level. The following features are included: DOM, Time & Sales, Volume Profile, Depth of Market, Imbalances, Buying Pressure, and up to 24 key intraday levels (it really packs a punch). As a disclaimer, this tool does not use tick data, it is a DOM reconstruction from the provided real-time time series data (price and volume). So the volume you see is from filled orders only, this tool does not show unfilled limit orders. Traders can enable or disable any of the features at will to avoid being overwhelmed with too much information and to make the tool perform faster. The features that have the biggest impact on performance are Historical Data Collection, Key Levels (POC & VWAP), Time & Sales, Profile, and Imbalances. Disable these features to improve the indicator computational performance. 🔶 DOM This is the simplest form of the tool, a simple DOM or ladder that displays the following columns: PRICE: Price level BID: Total number of market sell orders filled or limit buy orders filled. SELL: Sell market orders BUY: Buy market orders ASK: Total number of market buy orders filled or limit sell orders filled. The DOM only collects historical data from the last 24 hours and real-time data. Traders can select a reset period for the DOM with two options: DAILY: Resets at the beginning of each trading day SESSIONS: Resets twice, as DAILY and 15.5 hours later, to coincide with the start of the RTH session for US tickers. The DOM has two main modes, it can display price levels as ticks or points. The default is automatic based on the current daily volatility, but traders can manually force one mode or the other if they wish. For convenience, traders have the option to set the number of lines (price levels), and the size of the text and to display only real-time data. By default, the top price is set to 0 so that the DOM automatically adjusts the price levels to be displayed, but traders can set the top price manually so that the tool displays only the desired price levels in a fixed manner. 🔹 Volume Profile As additional features to the basic DOM, traders have access to the volume profile histogram and the total volume per price level. This helps traders identify at a glance key price areas where volume is accumulating (high volume nodes) or areas where volume is lacking (low volume nodes) - these areas are important to some traders who base their decision-making process on them. 🔹 Imbalances Other added features are imbalances and buying pressure: Interlevel Imbalance: volume delta between two different price levels Intralevel Imbalance: delta between buy and sell volume at the same price level Buying Pressure Percent: percentage of buy volume compared to total volume Imbalances can help traders identify areas of interest in the price for possible support or resistance. 🔹 Depth Depth allows traders to see at a glance how much supply is above the current price level or how much demand is below the current price level. Above the current price level shows the cumulative ask volume (filled sell limit orders) and below the current price level shows the cumulative bid volume (filled buy limit orders). 🔶 KEY LEVELS The tool includes up to 24 different key intraday levels of particular relevance: Previous Week Levels PWH: Previous week high PWL: Previous week low PWM: Previous week middle PWS: Previous week settlement (close) Previous Day Levels PDH: Previous day high PDL: Previous day low PDM: Previous day middle PDS: Previous day settlement (close) Current Day Levels OPEN: Open of day (or session) HOD: High of day (or session) LOD: Low of day (or session) MOD: Middle of day (or session) Opening Range ORH: Open range high ORL: Open range low Initial Balance IBH: Initial balance high IBL: Initial balance low VWAP +3SD: Volume weighted average price plus 3 standard deviations +2SD: Volume weighted average price plus 2 standard deviations +1SD: Volume weighted average price plus 1 standard deviation VWAP: Volume weighted average price -1SD: Volume weighted average price minus 1 standard deviation -2SD: Volume weighted average price minus 2 standard deviations -3SD: Volume weighted average price minus 3 standard deviations POC: Point of control Different traders look at different levels, the key levels shown here are objective and specific areas of interest that traders can act on, providing us with potential areas of support or resistance in the price. 🔶 TIME & SALES The tool also features a full-time and sales panel with time, price, and size columns, a size filter, and the ability to set the timezone to display time in the trader's local time. The information shown here is what feeds the DOM and it can be useful in several ways, for example in detecting absorption. If a large number of orders are coming into the market but the price is barely moving, this indicates that there is enough liquidity at these levels to absorb all these orders, so if these orders stop coming into the market, the price may turn around. 🔶 SETTINGS Period: Select the anchoring period to start data collection, DAILY will anchor at the start of the trading day, and SESSIONS will start as DAILY and 15.5 hours later (RTH for US tickers). Mode: Select between AUTO and MANUAL modes for displaying TICKS or POINTS, in AUTO mode the tool will automatically select TICKS for tickers with a daily average volatility below 5000 ticks and POINTS for the rest of the tickers. Rows: Select the number of price levels to display Text Size: Select the text size 🔹 DOM DOM: Enable/Disable DOM display Realtime only: Enable/Disable real-time data only, historical data will be collected if disabled Top Price: Specify the price to be displayed on the top row, set to 0 to enable dynamic DOM Max updates: Specify how many times the values on the SELL and BUY columns are accumulated until reset. Profile/Depth size: Maximum size of the histograms on the PROFILE and DEPTH columns. Profile: Enable/Disable Profile column. High impact on performance. Volume: Enable/Disable Volume column. Total volume traded at price level. Interlevel Imbalance: Enable/Disable Interlevel Imbalance column. Total volume delta between the current price level and the price level above. High impact on performance. Depth: Enable/Disable Depth, showing the cumulative supply above the current price and the cumulative demand below. Impact on performance. Intralevel Imbalance: Enable/Disable Intralevel Imbalance column. Delta between total buy volume and total sell volume. High impact on performance. Buying Pressure Percent: Enable/Disable Buy Percent column. Percentage of total buy volume compared to total volume. Imbalance Threshold %: Threshold for highlighting imbalances. Set to 90 to highlight the top 10% of interlevel imbalances and the top and bottom 10% of intra-level imbalances. Crypto volume precision: Specify the number of decimals to display on the volume of crypto assets 🔹 Key Levels Key Levels: Enable/Disable KEY column. Very high performance impact. Previous Week: Enable/Disable High, Low, Middle, and Close of the previous trading week. Previous Day: Enable/Disable High, Low, Middle, and Settlement of the previous trading day. Current Day/Session: Enable/Disable Open, High, Low and Middle of the current period. Open Range: Enable/Disable High and Low of the first candle of the period. Initial Balance: Enable/Disable High and Low of the first hour of the period. VWAP: Enable/Disable Volume-weighted average price of the period with 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations. POC: Enable/Disable Point of Control (price level with the highest volume traded) of the period. 🔹 Time & Sales Time & Sales: Enable/Disable time and sales panel. Timezone offset (hours): Enter your time zone\'s offset (+ or −), including a decimal fraction if needed. Order Size: Set order size filter. Orders smaller than the value are not displayed. 🔶 THANKS Hi, I'm makit0 coder of this tool and proud member of the LuxAlgo Opensource team, it's an honor to be part of the LuxAlgo family doing something I love as it's writing opensource code and sharing it with the world. I'd like to thank all of you who use, comment on, and vote for all of our open-source tools, and all of you who give us your support. And of course thanks to the PineCoders family for all the work in front of and behind the scenes that makes the PineScript community what it is, simply the best. Peace, Love & PineScript!
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎LuxAlgo‎
18
PFCF Price BandPFCF Price Band shows price calculated using the previous period's high and low P/TTM FCFPS (TTM's price to free cash flow per share over the last 12 months) multiplied by TTM's current FCFPS ( Similar to price theory = P/E x expected earnings per share) If the current P/FCFPS is lower than the minimum P/FCFPS, it is considered cheap. In other words, above the maximum P/FCFPS is considered expensive. PFCF Price Band consists of 2 parts. - Firstly, the historical P/FCFPS value in "Green" (if TTM FCFPS is positive) or "Red" (if TTM FCFPS is negative) status changes based on the latest high or low price of TTM FCFPS. - Second, the blue line is the closing price divided by TTM FCFPS, which shows the current P/FCF. P.S. It is recommended to use it together with the PE Band indicator because just net profit does not mean that a company has good cash flow.
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎rochano‎
MathTransformLibrary "MathTransform" Auxiliary functions for transforming data using mathematical and statistical methods scaler_zscore(x, lookback_window)   Calculates Z-Score normalization of a series.   Parameters:      x (float) : : floating point series to normalize      lookback_window (int) : : lookback period for calculating mean and standard deviation   Returns: Z-Score normalized series scaler_min_max(x, lookback_window, min_val, max_val, empiric_min, empiric_max, empiric_mid)   Performs Min-Max scaling of a series within a given window, user-defined bounds, and optional midpoint   Parameters:      x (float) : : floating point series to transform      lookback_window (int) : : int : optional lookback window size to consider for scaling.      min_val (float) : : float : minimum value of the scaled range. Default is 0.0.      max_val (float) : : float : maximum value of the scaled range. Default is 1.0.      empiric_min (float) : : float : user-defined minimum value of the input data. This means that the output could exceed the `min_val` bound if there is data in `x` lesser than `empiric_min`. If na, it's calculated from `x` and `lookback_window`.      empiric_max (float) : : float : user-defined maximum value of the input data. This means that the output could exceed the `max_val` bound if there is data in `x` greater than `empiric_max`. If na, it's calculated from `x` and `lookback_window`.      empiric_mid (float) : : float : user-defined midpoint value of the input data. If na, it's calculated from `empiric_min` and `empiric_max`.   Returns: rescaled series log(x, base)   Applies logarithmic transformation to a value, base can be user-defined.   Parameters:      x (float) : : floating point value to transform      base (float) : : logarithmic base, must be greater than 0   Returns: logarithm of the value to the given base, if x <= 0, returns logarithm of 1 to the given base exp(x, base)   Applies exponential transformation to a value, base can be user-defined.   Parameters:      x (float) : : floating point value to transform      base (float) : : base of the exponentiation, must be greater than 0   Returns: the result of raising the base to the power of the value power(x, exponent)   Applies power transformation to a value, exponent can be user-defined.   Parameters:      x (float) : : floating point value to transform      exponent (float) : : exponent for the transformation   Returns: the value raised to the given exponent, preserving the sign of the original value tanh(x, scale)   The hyperbolic tangent is the ratio of the hyperbolic sine and hyperbolic cosine. It limits an output to a range of −1 to 1.   Parameters:      x (float) : : floating point series      scale (float) sigmoid(x, scale, offset)   Applies the sigmoid function to a series.   Parameters:      x (float) : : floating point series to transform      scale (float) : : scaling factor for the sigmoid function      offset (float) : : offset for the sigmoid function   Returns: transformed series using the sigmoid function sigmoid_double(x, scale, offset)   Applies a double sigmoid function to a series, handling positive and negative values differently.   Parameters:      x (float) : : floating point series to transform      scale (float) : : scaling factor for the sigmoid function      offset (float) : : offset for the sigmoid function   Returns: transformed series using the double sigmoid function logistic_decay(a, b, c, t)   Calculates logistic decay based on given parameters.   Parameters:      a (float) : : parameter affecting the steepness of the curve      b (float) : : parameter affecting the direction of the decay      c (float) : : the upper bound of the function's output      t (float) : : time variable   Returns: value of the logistic decay function at time t
مكتبة Pine Script™
من ‎GoemonYae‎
Sharpe and Sortino Ratios█   OVERVIEW This indicator calculates the Sharpe and Sortino ratios using a chart symbol's periodic price returns, offering insights into the symbol's risk-adjusted performance. It features the option to calculate these ratios by comparing the periodic returns to a fixed annual rate of return or the returns from another selected symbol's context. █   CONCEPTS Returns, risk, and volatility The  return  on an investment is the relative gain or loss over a period, often expressed as a percentage. Investment returns can originate from several sources, including capital gains, dividends, and interest income. Many investors seek the highest returns possible in the quest for profit. However, prudent investing and trading entails evaluating such returns against the associated  risks  (i.e., the uncertainty of returns and the potential for financial losses) for a clearer perspective on overall performance and sustainability. The profitability of an investment typically comes at the cost of enduring market swings, noise, and general uncertainty. To navigate these turbulent waters, investors and portfolio managers often utilize volatility , a measure of the statistical dispersion of historical returns, as a foundational element in their risk assessments because it provides a tangible way to gauge the uncertainty in returns. High volatility suggests increased uncertainty and, consequently, higher risk, whereas low volatility suggests more stable returns with minimal fluctuations, implying lower risk. These concepts are integral components in several risk-adjusted performance metrics, including the Sharpe and Sortino ratios calculated by this indicator. Risk-free rate The  risk-free rate  represents the rate of return on a hypothetical investment carrying no risk of financial loss. This theoretical rate provides a benchmark for comparing the returns on a risky investment and evaluating whether its excess returns justify the risks. If an investment's returns are at or below the theoretical risk-free rate or the risk premium is below a desired amount, it may suggest that the returns do not compensate for the extra risk, which might be a call to reassess the investment. Since the risk-free rate is a theoretical concept, investors often utilize proxies for the rate in practice, such as Treasury bills and other government bonds. Conventionally, analysts consider such instruments "risk-free" for a domestic holder, as they are a form of government obligation with a low perceived likelihood of default. The average yield on short-term Treasury bills, influenced by economic conditions, monetary policies, and inflation expectations, has historically hovered around 2-3% over the long term. This range also aligns with central banks' inflation targets. As such, one may interpret a value within this range as a minimum proxy for the risk-free rate, as it may correspond to the minimum rate required to maintain purchasing power over time. This indicator uses a default value of 2% as the risk-free rate in its Sharpe and Sortino ratio calculations. Users can adjust this value from the "Risk-free rate of return" input in the "Settings/Inputs" tab. Sharpe and Sortino ratios The Sharpe and Sortino ratios are two of the most widely used metrics that offer insight into an investment's risk-adjusted performance . They provide a standardized framework to compare the effectiveness of investments relative to their perceived risks. These metrics can help investors determine whether the returns justify the risks taken to achieve them, promoting more informed investment decisions. Both metrics measure risk-adjusted performance similarly. However, they have some differences in their formulas and their interpretation:   1. Sharpe ratio   The Sharpe ratio , developed by Nobel laureate William F. Sharpe, measures the performance of an investment compared to a theoretically risk-free asset, adjusted for the investment risk. The ratio uses the following formula:   Sharpe Ratio = (𝑅𝑎 − 𝑅𝑓) / 𝜎𝑎   Where:    • 𝑅𝑎 = Average return of the investment    • 𝑅𝑓 = Theoretical risk-free rate of return    • 𝜎𝑎 = Standard deviation of the investment's returns (volatility)   A higher Sharpe ratio indicates a more favorable risk-adjusted return, as it signifies that the investment produced higher excess returns per unit of increase in total perceived risk.   2. Sortino ratio   The Sortino ratio is a modified form of the Sharpe ratio that only considers downside volatility , i.e., the volatility of returns below the theoretical risk-free benchmark. Although it shares close similarities with the Sharpe ratio, it can produce very different values, especially when the returns do not have a symmetrical distribution, since it does not penalize upside and downside volatility equally. The ratio uses the following formula:   Sortino Ratio = (𝑅𝑎 − 𝑅𝑓) / 𝜎𝑑   Where:    • 𝑅𝑎 = Average return of the investment    • 𝑅𝑓 = Theoretical risk-free rate of return    • 𝜎𝑑 = Downside deviation (standard deviation of negative excess returns, or downside volatility)   The Sortino ratio offers an alternative perspective on an investment's return-generating efficiency since it does not consider upside volatility in its calculation. A higher Sortino ratio signifies that the investment produced higher excess returns per unit of increase in perceived downside risk. The risk-free rate (𝑅𝑓) in the numerator of both ratio formulas acts as a baseline for comparing an investment's performance to a theoretical risk-free alternative. By subtracting the risk-free rate from the expected return (𝑅𝑎−𝑅𝑓), the numerator essentially represents the risk premium of the investment. Comparison with another symbol In addition to the conventional Sharpe and Sortino ratios, which compare an instrument's returns to a risk-free rate, this indicator can also compare returns to a user-specified benchmark symbol , allowing the calculation of Information ratios . An Information ratio is a generalized form of the Sharpe ratio that compares an investment's returns to a risky benchmark , such as SPY, rather than a risk-free rate. It measures the investment's active return (the difference between its returns and the benchmark returns) relative to its tracking error (i.e., the volatility of the active return) using the following formula: 𝐼𝑅 = (𝑅𝑝 − 𝑅𝑏) / 𝑇𝐸 Where: • 𝑅𝑝 = Average return on the portfolio or investment • 𝑅𝑏 = Average return from the benchmark instrument • 𝑇𝐸 = Tracking error (volatility of 𝑅𝑝 − 𝑅𝑏) Comparing returns to a benchmark instrument rather than a theoretical risk-free rate offers unique insights into risk-adjusted performance. Higher Information ratios signify that the investment produced higher active returns per unit of increase in risk relative to the benchmark. Conventional choices for non-risk-free benchmarks include major composite indices like the S&P 500 and DJIA, as the resulting ratios can provide insight into the effectiveness of an investment relative to the broader market. Users can enable this generalized calculation for both the Sharpe and Sortino ratios by selecting the "Benchmark symbol returns" option from the "Benchmark type" dropdown in the "Settings/Inputs" tab. It's crucial to note that this indicator compares the charts symbol's rate of change (return) to the rate of change in the benchmark symbol. Consequently, not all symbols available on TradingView are suitable for use with these ratios due to the nature of what their values represent. For instance, using a bond as a benchmark will produce distorted results since each bar's values represent yields rather than prices, meaning it compares the rate of change in the yield. To maintain consistency and relevance in the calculated ratios, ensure the values from the compared symbols strictly represent price information. █   FEATURES This indicator provides traders with two widely used metrics for assessing risk-adjusted performance, generalized to allow users to compare the chart symbol's price returns to a fixed risk-free rate or the returns from another risky symbol. Below are the key features of this indicator: Timeframe selection The "Returns timeframe" input determines the timeframe of the calculated price returns. Users can select any value greater than or equal to the chart's timeframe. The default timeframe is "1M". Periodic returns tracking This indicator compounds and collects requested price returns from the selected timeframe over monthly or daily periods, similar to how the Broker Emulator works when calculating strategy performance metrics on trade data. It employs the following logic: • Track returns over monthly periods if the chart's data spans at least two months. • Track returns over daily periods if the chart's data spans at least two days but not two months. • Do not track or collect returns if the data spans less than two days, as the amount of data is insufficient for meaningful ratio calculations. The indicator uses the returns collected from up to a specified number of periods to calculate the Sharpe and Sortino ratios, depending on the available historical data. It also uses these periodic returns to calculate the average returns it displays in the Data Window. Users can control the maximum number of periods the indicator analyzes with the "Max no. of periods used" input in the "Settings/Inputs" tab. The default value is 60 periods. Benchmark specification The "Benchmark return type" input specifies the benchmark type the indicator compares to the chart symbol's returns in the ratio calculations. It features the following two options: • "Risk-free rate of return (%)": Compares the price returns to a user-specified annual rate of return representing a theoretical risk-free rate (e.g., 2%). • "Benchmark symbol return": Compares the price returns to a selected benchmark symbol (e.g., "AMEX:SPY) to calculate Information ratios. When comparing a chart symbol's returns to a specified benchmark symbol, this indicator aligns the times of data points from the benchmark with the times of data points from the chart's symbol to facilitate a fair comparison between symbols with different active sessions. Visualization and display • The indicator displays the periodic returns requested from the specified "Returns timeframe" in a separate pane. The plot includes dynamic colors to signify positive and negative returns. • When the "Returns timeframe" value represents a higher timeframe, the indicator displays background highlights on the main chart pane to signify when a new value is available and whether the return is positive or negative. • When the specified benchmark return type is a benchmark symbol, the indicator displays the requested symbol's returns in the separate pane as a gray line for visual comparison. • Within the separate pane, the indicator displays a single-cell table that shows the base period it uses for periodic returns, the number of periods it uses in the calculation, the timeframe of the requested data, and the calculated Sharpe and Sortino ratios. • The Data Window displays the chart symbol and benchmark returns, their periodic averages, and the Sharpe and Sortino ratios. █   FOR Pine Script™ CODERS • This script utilizes the functions from our RiskMetrics library to determine the size of the periods, calculate and collect periodic returns, and compute the Sharpe and Sortino ratios. • The `getAlignedPrices()` function in this script requests price data for the chart's symbol and a benchmark symbol with consistent time alignment by utilizing spread symbols , which helps facilitate a fair comparison between different symbol types. Retrieving prices from spreads avoids potential information loss and data misalignment that can otherwise occur when using separate requests from each symbol's context when those symbols have different sessions or data times. • For consistency, the `getAlignedPrices()` function includes extended hours and dividend adjustment modifiers in its data requests. Additionally, it includes other settings inherited from the chart's context, such as "settlement-as-close" preferences for fair comparison between futures instruments. • This script uses the `changePercent()` function from our ta library to calculate the percentage changes of the requested data. • The newly released `force_overlay` parameter in display-related functions allows indicators to display visuals on the main chart and a separate pane simultaneously. We use the parameter in this script's bgcolor() call to display background highlights on the main chart. Look first. Then leap.
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎TradingView‎
3
RiskMetrics█   OVERVIEW This library is a tool for Pine programmers that provides functions for calculating risk-adjusted performance metrics on periodic price returns. The calculations used by this library's functions closely mirror those the Broker Emulator uses to calculate strategy performance metrics (e.g., Sharpe and Sortino ratios) without depending on strategy-specific functionality. █   CONCEPTS Returns, risk, and volatility The return on an investment is the relative gain or loss over a period, often expressed as a percentage. Investment returns can originate from several sources, including capital gains, dividends, and interest income. Many investors seek the highest returns possible in the quest for profit. However, prudent investing and trading entails evaluating such returns against the associated risks (i.e., the uncertainty of returns and the potential for financial losses) for a clearer perspective on overall performance and sustainability. One way investors and analysts assess the risk of an investment is by analyzing its volatility , i.e., the statistical dispersion of historical returns. Investors often use volatility in risk estimation because it provides a quantifiable way to gauge the expected extent of fluctuation in returns. Elevated volatility implies heightened uncertainty in the market, which suggests higher expected risk. Conversely, low volatility implies relatively stable returns with relatively minimal fluctuations, thus suggesting lower expected risk. Several risk-adjusted performance metrics utilize volatility in their calculations for this reason. Risk-free rate The  risk-free rate  represents the rate of return on a hypothetical investment carrying no risk of financial loss. This theoretical rate provides a benchmark for comparing the returns on a risky investment and evaluating whether its excess returns justify the risks. If an investment's returns are at or below the theoretical risk-free rate or the risk premium is below a desired amount, it may suggest that the returns do not compensate for the extra risk, which might be a call to reassess the investment. Since the risk-free rate is a theoretical concept, investors often utilize proxies for the rate in practice, such as Treasury bills and other government bonds. Conventionally, analysts consider such instruments "risk-free" for a domestic holder, as they are a form of government obligation with a low perceived likelihood of default. The average yield on short-term Treasury bills, influenced by economic conditions, monetary policies, and inflation expectations, has historically hovered around 2-3% over the long term. This range also aligns with central banks' inflation targets. As such, one may interpret a value within this range as a minimum proxy for the risk-free rate, as it may correspond to the minimum rate required to maintain purchasing power over time. The built-in Sharpe and Sortino ratios that strategies calculate and display in the Performance Summary tab use a default risk-free rate of 2%, and the metrics in this library's example code use the same default rate. Users can adjust this value to fit their analysis needs. Risk-adjusted performance Risk-adjusted performance metrics gauge the effectiveness of an investment by considering its returns relative to the perceived risk. They aim to provide a more well-rounded picture of performance by factoring in the level of risk taken to achieve returns. Investors can utilize such metrics to help determine whether the returns from an investment justify the risks and make informed decisions. The two most commonly used risk-adjusted performance metrics are the Sharpe ratio and the Sortino ratio.   1. Sharpe ratio   The Sharpe ratio , developed by Nobel laureate William F. Sharpe, measures the performance of an investment compared to a theoretically risk-free asset, adjusted for the investment risk. The ratio uses the following formula:   Sharpe Ratio = (𝑅𝑎 − 𝑅𝑓) / 𝜎𝑎   Where:    • 𝑅𝑎 = Average return of the investment    • 𝑅𝑓 = Theoretical risk-free rate of return    • 𝜎𝑎 = Standard deviation of the investment's returns (volatility)   A higher Sharpe ratio indicates a more favorable risk-adjusted return, as it signifies that the investment produced higher excess returns per unit of increase in total perceived risk.   2. Sortino ratio   The Sortino ratio is a modified form of the Sharpe ratio that only considers downside volatility , i.e., the volatility of returns below the theoretical risk-free benchmark. Although it shares close similarities with the Sharpe ratio, it can produce very different values, especially when the returns do not have a symmetrical distribution, since it does not penalize upside and downside volatility equally. The ratio uses the following formula:   Sortino Ratio = (𝑅𝑎 − 𝑅𝑓) / 𝜎𝑑   Where:    • 𝑅𝑎 = Average return of the investment    • 𝑅𝑓 = Theoretical risk-free rate of return    • 𝜎𝑑 = Downside deviation (standard deviation of negative excess returns, or downside volatility)   The Sortino ratio offers an alternative perspective on an investment's return-generating efficiency since it does not consider upside volatility in its calculation. A higher Sortino ratio signifies that the investment produced higher excess returns per unit of increase in perceived downside risk. █   CALCULATIONS Return period detection Calculating risk-adjusted performance metrics requires collecting returns across several periods of a given size. Analysts may use different period sizes based on the context and their preferences. However, two widely used standards are monthly or daily periods, depending on the available data and the investment's duration. The built-in ratios displayed in the Strategy Tester utilize returns from either monthly or daily periods in their calculations based on the following logic:  • Use monthly returns if the history of closed trades spans at least two months.  • Use daily returns if the trades span at least two days but less than two months.  • Do not calculate the ratios if the trade data spans fewer than two days. This library's `detectPeriod()` function applies related logic to available chart data rather than trade data to determine which period is appropriate:  • It returns true if the chart's data spans at least two months, indicating that it's sufficient to use monthly periods.  • It returns false if the chart's data spans at least two days but not two months, suggesting the use of daily periods.  • It returns na if the length of the chart's data covers less than two days, signifying that the data is insufficient for meaningful ratio calculations. It's important to note that programmers should only call `detectPeriod()` from a script's global scope or within the outermost scope of a function called from the global scope, as it requires the time value from the first bar to accurately measure the amount of time covered by the chart's data. Collecting periodic returns This library's `getPeriodicReturns()` function tracks price return data within monthly or daily periods and stores the periodic values in an array . It uses a `detectPeriod()` call as the condition to determine whether each element in the array represents the return over a monthly or daily period. The `getPeriodicReturns()` function has two overloads. The first overload requires two arguments and outputs an array of monthly or daily returns for use in the `sharpe()` and `sortino()` methods. To calculate these returns:  1. The `percentChange` argument should be a series that represents percentage gains or losses. The values can be bar-to-bar return percentages on the chart timeframe or percentages requested from a higher timeframe.  2. The function compounds all non-na `percentChange` values within each monthly or daily period to calculate the period's total return percentage. When the `percentChange` represents returns from a higher timeframe, ensure the requested data includes gaps to avoid compounding redundant values.  3. After a period ends, the function queues the compounded return into the array , removing the oldest element from the array when its size exceeds the `maxPeriods` argument. The resulting array represents the sequence of closed returns over up to `maxPeriods` months or days, depending on the available data. The second overload of the function includes an additional `benchmark` parameter. Unlike the first overload, this version tracks and collects differences between the `percentChange` and the specified `benchmark` values. The resulting array represents the sequence of excess returns over up to `maxPeriods` months or days. Passing this array to the `sharpe()` and `sortino()` methods calculates generalized Information ratios , which represent the risk-adjustment performance of a sequence of returns compared to a risky benchmark instead of a risk-free rate. For consistency, ensure the non-na times of the `benchmark` values align with the times of the `percentChange` values. Ratio methods This library's `sharpe()` and `sortino()` methods respectively calculate the Sharpe and Sortino ratios based on an array of returns compared to a specified annual benchmark. Both methods adjust the annual benchmark based on the number of periods per year to suit the frequency of the returns:  • If the method call does not include a `periodsPerYear` argument, it uses `detectPeriod()` to determine whether the returns represent monthly or daily values based on the chart's history. If monthly, the method divides the `annualBenchmark` value by 12. If daily, it divides the value by 365.  • If the method call does specify a `periodsPerYear` argument, the argument's value supersedes the automatic calculation, facilitating custom benchmark adjustments, such as dividing by 252 when analyzing collected daily stock returns. When the array passed to these methods represents a sequence of excess returns , such as the result from the second overload of `getPeriodicReturns()`, use an `annualBenchmark` value of 0 to avoid comparing those excess returns to a separate rate. By default, these methods only calculate the ratios on the last available bar to minimize their resource usage. Users can override this behavior with the `forceCalc` parameter. When the value is true , the method calculates the ratio on each call if sufficient data is available, regardless of the bar index. Look first. Then leap. █   FUNCTIONS & METHODS This library contains the following functions: detectPeriod()   Determines whether the chart data has sufficient coverage to use monthly or daily returns for risk metric calculations.   Returns: (bool) `true` if the period spans more than two months, `false` if it otherwise spans more than two days, and `na` if the data is insufficient. getPeriodicReturns(percentChange, maxPeriods)   (Overload 1 of 2) Tracks periodic return percentages and queues them into an array for ratio calculations. The span of the chart's historical data determines whether the function uses daily or monthly periods in its calculations. If the chart spans more than two months, it uses "1M" periods. Otherwise, if the chart spans more than two days, it uses "1D" periods. If the chart covers less than two days, it does not store changes.   Parameters:      percentChange (float) : (series float) The change percentage. The function compounds non-na values from each chart bar within monthly or daily periods to calculate the periodic changes.      maxPeriods (simple int) : (simple int) The maximum number of periodic returns to store in the returned array.   Returns: (array) An array containing the overall percentage changes for each period, limited to the maximum specified by `maxPeriods`. getPeriodicReturns(percentChange, benchmark, maxPeriods)   (Overload 2 of 2) Tracks periodic excess return percentages and queues the values into an array. The span of the chart's historical data determines whether the function uses daily or monthly periods in its calculations. If the chart spans more than two months, it uses "1M" periods. Otherwise, if the chart spans more than two days, it uses "1D" periods. If the chart covers less than two days, it does not store changes.   Parameters:      percentChange (float) : (series float) The change percentage. The function compounds non-na values from each chart bar within monthly or daily periods to calculate the periodic changes.      benchmark (float) : (series float) The benchmark percentage to compare against `percentChange` values. The function compounds non-na values from each bar within monthly or daily periods and subtracts the results from the compounded `percentChange` values to calculate the excess returns. For consistency, ensure this series has a similar history length to the `percentChange` with aligned non-na value times.      maxPeriods (simple int) : (simple int) The maximum number of periodic excess returns to store in the returned array.   Returns: (array) An array containing monthly or daily excess returns, limited to the maximum specified by `maxPeriods`. method sharpeRatio(returnsArray, annualBenchmark, forceCalc, periodsPerYear)   Calculates the Sharpe ratio for an array of periodic returns. Callable as a method or a function.   Namespace types: array   Parameters:      returnsArray (array) : (array) An array of periodic return percentages, e.g., returns over monthly or daily periods.      annualBenchmark (float) : (series float) The annual rate of return to compare against `returnsArray` values. When `periodsPerYear` is `na`, the function divides this value by 12 to calculate a monthly benchmark if the chart's data spans at least two months or 365 for a daily benchmark if the data otherwise spans at least two days. If `periodsPerYear` has a specified value, the function divides the rate by that value instead.      forceCalc (bool) : (series bool) If `true`, calculates the ratio on every call. Otherwise, ratio calculation only occurs on the last available bar. Optional. The default is `false`.      periodsPerYear (simple int) : (simple int) If specified, divides the annual rate by this value instead of the value determined by the time span of the chart's data.   Returns: (float) The Sharpe ratio, which estimates the excess return per unit of total volatility. method sortinoRatio(returnsArray, annualBenchmark, forceCalc, periodsPerYear)   Calculates the Sortino ratio for an array of periodic returns. Callable as a method or a function.   Namespace types: array   Parameters:      returnsArray (array) : (array) An array of periodic return percentages, e.g., returns over monthly or daily periods.      annualBenchmark (float) : (series float) The annual rate of return to compare against `returnsArray` values. When `periodsPerYear` is `na`, the function divides this value by 12 to calculate a monthly benchmark if the chart's data spans at least two months or 365 for a daily benchmark if the data otherwise spans at least two days. If `periodsPerYear` has a specified value, the function divides the rate by that value instead.      forceCalc (bool) : (series bool) If `true`, calculates the ratio on every call. Otherwise, ratio calculation only occurs on the last available bar. Optional. The default is `false`.      periodsPerYear (simple int) : (simple int) If specified, divides the annual rate by this value instead of the value determined by the time span of the chart's data.   Returns: (float) The Sortino ratio, which estimates the excess return per unit of downside volatility.
مكتبة Pine Script™
من ‎TradingView‎
1
TASC 2024.07 Gaps and Extreme Closes█ OVERVIEW This script, inspired by Perry Kaufman's article "Trading Opening Gaps and Extreme Closes in Stocks" from the  TASC's July 2024 edition of Traders' Tips , provides analytical insights into stock price behaviors following significant price moves. The information about the frequency, pullbacks, and closing patterns of these extreme price movements can aid in developing more effective trading strategies by understanding what to expect during volatile market conditions. █ CONCEPTS Perry Kaufman's article investigates the behavior of stock prices following substantial opening gaps and extreme closing moves to identify patterns and expectations that traders can utilize to make informed decisions. The motivation behind the article is to offer traders a more scientific approach to understanding price movements during volatile market conditions, particularly during earnings season or significant economic events. Kaufman's analysis reveals that stock prices have a history of exhibiting certain behaviors after substantial price gaps and extreme closes. This script follows Perry Kaufman's study and helps provide insight into how prices often behave after significant price changes. This analysis can help traders establish price movement expectations and potential strategies for trading such occurrences. █ CALCULATIONS Input Parameters: This script offers users the choice to analyze "Opening Gaps" or "Extreme Closes" for price movements of different predefined magnitudes in a specified direction ("Upward" or "Downward"). Outputs: Based on the specified inputs, the script performs the following calculations for the active ticker displayed on the chart: Frequency of Extreme Price Movements : Quantifies the occurrences of directional price movements within predefined percentage ranges. Average Pullbacks : Computes the average retracement (pullback) from analyzed price movements within each percentage range. Average Closes : Analyzes the typical closing behavior relative to the directional price movements within each range. The script organizes the results from these calculations within the table on a separate chart pane, providing users with helpful insights into how a stock historically behaved following significant price movements.
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎PineCodersTASC‎
4
Dickey-Fuller Test for Mean Reversion and Stationarity **IF YOU NEED EXTRA SPECIAL HELP UNDERSTANDING THIS INDICATOR, GO TO THE BOTTOM OF THE DESCRIPTION FOR AN EVEN SIMPLER DESCRIPTION** Dickey Fuller Test: The Dickey-Fuller test is a statistical test used to determine whether a time series is stationary or has a unit root (a characteristic of a time series that makes it non-stationary), indicating that it is non-stationary. Stationarity means that the statistical properties of a time series, such as mean and variance, are constant over time. The test checks to see if the time series is mean-reverting or not. Many traders falsely assume that raw stock prices are mean-reverting when they are not, as evidenced by many different types of statistical models that show how stock prices are almost always positively autocorrelated or statistical tests like this one, which show that stock prices are not stationary. Note: This indicator uses past results, and the results will always be changing as new data comes in. Just because it's stationary during a rare occurrence doesn't mean it will always be stationary. Especially in price, where this would be a rare occurrence on this test. (The Test Statistic is below the critical value.) The indicator also shows the option to either choose Raw Price, Simple Returns, or Log Returns for the test. Raw Prices: Stock prices are usually non-stationary because they follow some type of random walk, exhibiting positive autocorrelation and trends in the long term. The Dickey-Fuller test on raw prices will indicate non-stationary most of the time since prices are expected to have a unit root. (If the test statistic is higher than the critical value, it suggests the presence of a unit root, confirming non-stationarity.) Simple Returns and Log Returns: Simple and log returns are more stationary than prices, if not completely stationary, because they measure relative changes rather than absolute levels. This test on simple and log returns may indicate stationary behavior, especially over longer periods. (The test statistic being below the critical value suggests the absence of a unit root, indicating stationarity.) Null Hypothesis (H0): The time series has a unit root (it is non-stationary). Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The time series does not have a unit root (it is stationary) Interpretation: If the test statistic is less than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the time series is stationary. Types of Dickey-Fuller Tests: 1. (What this indicator uses) Standard Dickey-Fuller Test: Tests the null hypothesis that a unit root is present in a simple autoregressive model. This test is used for simple cases where we just want to check if the series has a consistent statistical property over time without considering any trends or additional complexities. It examines the relationship between the current value of the series and its previous value to see if the series tends to drift over time or revert to the mean. 2. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) Test: Tests for a unit root while accounting for more complex structures like trends and higher-order correlations in the data. This test is more robust and is used when the time series has trends or other patterns that need to be considered. It extends the regular test by including additional terms to account for the complexities, and this test may be more reliable than the regular Dickey-Fuller Test. For things like stock prices, the ADF would be more appropriate because stock prices are almost always trending and positively autocorrelated, while the Dickey-Fuller Test is more appropriate for more simple time series. Critical Values This indicator uses the following critical values that are essential for interpreting the Dickey-Fuller test results. The critical values depend on the chosen significance levels: 1% Significance Level: Critical value of -3.43. 5% Significance Level: Critical value of -2.86. 10% Significance Level: Critical value of -2.57. These critical values are thresholds that help determine whether to reject the null hypothesis of a unit root (non-stationarity). If the test statistic is less than (or more negative than) the critical value, it indicates that the time series is stationary. Conversely, if the test statistic is greater than the critical value, the series is considered non-stationary. This indicator uses a dotted blue line by default to show the critical value. If the test-static, which is the gray column, goes below the critical value, then the test-static will become yellow, and the test will indicate that the time series is stationary or mean reverting for the current period of time. What does this mean? This is the weekly chart of BTCUSD with the Dickey-Fuller Test, with a length of 100 and a critical value of 1%. So basically, in the long term, mean-reversion strategies that involve raw prices are not a good idea. You don't really need a statistical test either for this; just from seeing the chart itself, you can see that prices in the long term are trending and no mean reversion is present. For the people who can't understand that the gray column being above the blue dotted line means price doesn't mean revert, here is a more simple description (you know you are): Average (I have to include the meaning because they may not know what average is): The middle number is when you add up all the numbers and then divide by how many numbers there are. EX: If you have the numbers 2, 4, and 6, you add them up to get 12, and then divide by 3 (because there are 3 numbers), so the average is 4. It tells you what a typical number is in a group of numbers. This indicator checks if a time series (like stock prices) tends to return to its average value or time. Raw prices, which is just the regular price chart, are usually not mean-reverting (It's "always" positively autocorrelating but this group of people doesn't like that word). Price follows trends. Simple returns and log returns are more likely to have periods of mean reversion. How to use it: Gray Column (the gray bars) Above the Blue Dotted Line: The price does not mean revert (non-stationary). Gray Column Below Blue Line: The time series mean reverts (stationary) So, if the test statistic (gray column) is below the critical value, which is the blue dotted line, then the series is stationary and mean reverting, but if it is above the blue dotted line, then the time series is not stationary or mean reverting, and strategies involving mean reversion will most likely result in a loss given enough occurrences.
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎Traders_Endeavors‎
1
[Pandora] Error Function Treasure Trove - ERF/ERFI/Sigmoids+PRAISE: At this time, I have to graciously thank the wonderful minds behind the new "Pine Profiler Mode" (PPM). Directly prior to this release, it allowed me to ascertain script performance even more. While I usually write mostly in highly optimized Pine code, PPM visually identified a few bottlenecks that would otherwise be hard to identify. Anyone who contributed to PPMs creation and testing before release... BRAVO!!! I commend all of those who assisted in it's state-of-the-art engineering and inception, well done! BACKSTORY: This script is specifically being released in defense of another member, an exceptionally unique PhD. It was brought to my attention that a script-mod-event occurred, regarding the publishing of a measly antiquated error function (ERF) calculation within his script. This sadly resulted in the now former member jumping ship after receiving unmannerly responses amidst his curious inquiries as to why his erf() was modded. To forbid rusty and rudimentary formulations because a mod-on-duty is temporally offended by a non-nefarious release of code, is in MY opinion an injustice to principles of perpetuating open-source code intended to benefit thousands to millions of community members. While Pine is the heart and soul of TV, the mathematical concepts contributed from the minds of members is the inspirational fuel of curiosity that powers it's pertinent reason to exist and evolve. It is an indisputable fact that most members are not greatly skilled Pine Poets. Many members may be incapable of innovating robust function code in Pine, even if they have one or more PhDs. We ALL come from various disciplines of mathematical comprehension and education. Some mathematicians are not greatly skilled at coding, while some coders are not exceptional at math. So... what am I to do to attempt to resolve this circumstantial challenge??? Those who know me best are aware that I will always side with "the right side of history" in order to accomplish my primary self-defined missions I choose to accept. Serving as an algorithmic advocate, I felt compelled to intercede by compiling numerous error functions into elegant code of very high caliber that any and every TV member may choose to employ, so this ERROR never happens again. After weeks of contemplation into algorithms I knew little about, I prioritized myself to resolve an unanticipated matter by creating advanced formulas of exquisitely crafted error functions refined to the best of my current abilities. My aversion for unresolved problems motivated me to eviscerate error function insufficiencies with many more rigid formulations beyond what is thought to exist. ERF needed a proper algorithmic exorcism anyways. In my furiosity, I contemplated an array of madMAXimum diplomatic demolition methods, choosing the chain saw massacre technique to slaughter dysfunctionalities I encountered on a battered ERF roadway. This resulted in prolific solutions that should assuredly endure the test of time. Poetically, as you will come to see, I am ripping the lid off of Pandora's box of error functions in this case to correct wrongs into a splendid bundle of rights for members. INTENTION: Error function (ERF) enthusiasts... PREPARE FOR GLORY!! The specific purpose of this script is to deprecate classic error functions with the creation of a fierce and formidable army of superior formulations, each having varying attributes of computational complexity with differing absolute error ranges in their results for multiple compute scenarios. This is NOT an indicator... It is intended to allow members to embark on endeavors to advance the profound knowledge base of this growing worldwide community of 60+ million inquisitive minds. For those of you who believe computational mathematics and statistics is near completion at its finest; I am here to inform you, this is ridiculous to ponder. We are no where near statistical excellence that can and will exist eventually. At this time, metaphorically speaking, we are merely scratching microns off of the surface of the skin of a statistical apple Isaac Newton once pondered. THIS RELEASE: Following weeks of pondering methodical experiments beyond the ordinary, I am liberating these wild notions of my error function explorations to the entire globe as copyleft code, not just Pine. This Pandora's basket of ERFs is being openly disclosed for the sake of the sanctity of mathematics, empirical science (not the garbage we are told by CONTROLocrats to blindly trust), revolutionary cutting edge engineering, cosmology, physics, information technology, artificial intelligence, and EVERY other mathematical branch of human knowledge being discovered over centuries. I do believe James Glaisher would favor my aims concerning ERF aspirations embracing the "Power of Pine". The included functions are intended for TV members to use in any way they see fit. This is a gift to ALL members to foster future innovative excellence on this platform. Any attempt to moderate this code without notification of "self-evident clear and just cause" will be considered an irrevocable egregious action. The original foundational PURPOSE of establishing script moderation (I clearly remember) was primarily to maintain active vigilance over a growing community against intentional nefarious actions and/or behaviors in blatant disrespect to other author's works AND also thwart rampant copypasting bandit operations, all while accommodating balanced principles of fairness for an educational community cause via open source publishing that should support future algorithmic inventions well beyond my lifespan. APPLICATIONS: The related error functions are used in probability theory, statistics, and numerous and engineering scientific disciplines. Its key characteristics and applications are innumerable in computational realms. Its versatility and significance make it a fundamental tool in arenas of quantitative analysis and scientific research... Probability Theory - Is widely used in probability theory to calculate probabilities and quantiles of the normal distribution. Statistics - It's related to the Gaussian integral and plays a crucial role in statistics, especially in hypothesis testing and confidence interval calculations. Physics - In physics, it arises in the study of diffusion equations, quantum mechanics, and heat conduction problems. Engineering - Applications exist in engineering disciplines such as signal processing, control theory, and telecommunications. Error Analysis - It's employed in error analysis and uncertainty quantification. Numeric Approximations - Due to its lack of a closed-form expression, numerical methods are often employed to approximate erf/erfi(). AI, LLMs, & MACHINE LEARNING: The error function (ERF) is indispensable to various AI applications, particularly due to its relation to Gaussian distributions and error analysis. It is used in Gaussian processes for regression and classification, probabilistic inference for Bayesian networks, soft margin computation in SVMs, neural networks involving Gaussian activation functions or noise, and clustering algorithms like Gaussian Mixture Models. Improved ERF approximations can enhance precision in these applications, reduce computational complexity, handle outliers and noise better, and improve optimization and convergence, possibly leading to more accurate, efficient, and robust AI systems. BONUS ALGORITHMS: While ERFs are versatile, its opposite also exists in the form of inverse error functions (ERFIs). I have also included a modified form of the inverse fisher transform along side MY sigmoid (sigmyod). I am uncertain what sigmyod() may be used for, but it's a culmination of my examinations deep into "sigmoid domains", something I am fascinated by. Whatever implications it may possess, I am unveiling it along with it's cousin functions. For curious minds, this quality of composition seen here is ideally what underlies what I would term "Pandora functionality" that empowers my Pandora indication. I go through hordes of formulations, testing, and inspection to find what appears to be the most beneficial logical/mathematical equation to apply... SCRIPT OPERATION: To showcase the characteristics and performance of my ERF/ERFI formulations, I devised a multi-modal script. By using bar_index , I generated a broad sequence of numeric values to input into the first ERF/ERFI parameter. These sequences allow you to inspect the contours of the error function's outputs for both ERF and ERFI. When combined with compute-intensive precision functions (CIPFs), the polynomial function output values can be subtracted from my CIPFs to obtain results of absolute error, displaying the accuracy of the many polynomial estimation functions I tuned in testing for Pine's float environment. A host of numeric input settings are wildly adjustable to inspect values/curvatures across the range of numeric input sequences. Very large numbers, such as Divisor:100,000,100/Offset:200,000,000 for ERF modes or... Divisor:100,000,100/Offset:100,000,000 for ERFI modes, will display miniscule output values calculated from input values in close proximity to 0.0 for the various estimates, similar to a microscope. ERFI approximations very near in proximity to +/-1.0 will always yield large deviations of absolute error. Dragging/zooming your chart or using the Offset input will aid with visually clipping off those ERFI extremes where float precision functions cannot suffice. NOTICE: perf() and perfi() are intended for precision computation (as good as it basically gets) in a float environment. However, they are CPU intensive (especially perfi). I wouldn't recommend these being used in ANY Pine script unless it's an "absolute necessity" to do so to accomplish your goal. I only built them to obtain "absolute error curvatures" of the error functions for the polynomial approximations. These are visible in the accuracy modes in the indicator Settings.
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎ImmortalFreedom‎
7
Swing DistanceHello fellas, This simple indicator helps to visualize the distance between swings. It consists of two lines, the highest and the lowest line, which show the highest and lowest value of the set lookback, respectively. Additionally, it plots labels with the distance (in %) between the highest and the lowest line when there is a change in either the highest or the lowest value. Use Case: This tool helps you get a feel for which trades you might want to take and which timeframe you might want to use. Side Note: This indicator is not intended to be used as a signal emitter or filter! Best regards, simwai
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎simwai‎
Ticker Performance ComparisonTicker Performance Comparison Indicator With this tool you can compare how three different tickers of your choice have performed over a specific period you choose. It can be used on any timeframe. As you can see in the image above, I am comparing Nvidia, Bitcoin and Wadzpay over a 365 day period. This shows me at glance which asset has done better and by how much. It shows how the closing prices have changed from the start of your chosen period to now, by automatically drawing lines on the same scale. Key Features: Lookback Period: You decide how many bars (days, weeks, etc.) back to look from today. Three Tickers: Enter up to three different ticker symbols to see how they stack up against each other Percentage Change: The tool calculates how much each ticker's closing price has changed, in percentage terms, from the start of your lookback period. Performance Labels: Labels at the end of the period show the percentage change for each ticker. Important: Ignore the lines that are drawn before your lookback period: The lines before your chosen lookback period might be misleading. They appear due to the way historical data is processed and should be ignored. Only consider the data and trends from the start of the lookback period you entered to the present for an accurate comparison. Use this tool to easily compare how different assets have performed over the timeframe that matters to you.
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎IronCortex‎
Sortino RatioThe Sortino ratio is a variation of the Sharpe ratio that differentiates harmful volatility from total overall volatility by using the asset's standard deviation of negative portfolio returns—downside deviation—instead of the total standard deviation of portfolio returns. The Sortino ratio takes an asset or portfolio's return and subtracts the risk-free rate, and then divides that amount by the asset's downside deviation. The ratio was named after Frank A. Sortino.
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎AndreasKarlsson‎
Normalized Performance ComparisonThis script visualizes the relative performance of a primary asset against a benchmark composed of three reference assets. Here's how it works: User Inputs: - Users specify ticker symbols for three reference assets (default: Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium). Data Retrieval: - Fetches closing prices for the primary asset (the one the script is applied to) and the three reference assets. Normalization: - Each asset's price is normalized by dividing its current price by its initial price at the start of the chart. This allows for performance comparison on a common scale. Benchmark Creation: - The normalized prices of the three reference assets are combined to create a composite benchmark. Ratio Calculation: - Computes the ratio of the normalized primary asset price to the combined normalized benchmark price, highlighting relative performance. Plotting: - Plots this ratio as a blue line on the chart, showing the primary asset's performance relative to the benchmark over time. This script helps users quickly assess how well the primary asset is performing compared to a set of reference assets.
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎wiggium‎
RTH/ETH Session RangesSimple script that adds a table to the bottom left of the chart - shows the high and low of the Full Session with range, and shows the high and low of the RTH/USA session with same calculations. This simple script enhances your charting experience by adding a comprehensive table to the bottom left corner of your trading chart. The table is designed to provide key market data at a glance, specifically focusing on the high and low metrics for different trading sessions. Here's a breakdown of what the script offers: Features of the Script Full Session Data: High: The highest price point reached during the entire trading session. Low: The lowest price point reached during the entire trading session. Range: The difference between the high and low prices, providing insight into the session's volatility. RTH/USA Session Data (Regular Trading Hours): High: The highest price point reached during the RTH, typically reflecting the most active part of the trading day. Low: The lowest price point reached during the RTH. Range: The difference between the high and low prices during the RTH, indicating the session's intraday volatility. How to Use the Script for Trading Identify Key Levels: Use the high and low points to identify significant support and resistance levels. These levels can guide your entry and exit points, helping you make informed trading decisions. Gauge Market Volatility: The range values for both the Full Session and RTH provide a quick snapshot of market volatility. Higher ranges suggest more significant price movements, which can inform your risk management strategies and position sizing. Compare Sessions: By comparing the Full Session data with the RTH data, you can identify differences in price behavior between the broader market hours and the more active trading periods. This comparison can help in understanding market dynamics and planning trades accordingly. Unique Aspects of the Script Ease of Access: The table's placement in the bottom left corner ensures that it is always visible without obstructing the main chart view, allowing for quick reference without disrupting your analysis. Comprehensive Insights: By covering both the Full Session and RTH, the script provides a holistic view of the market, catering to traders who focus on different timeframes. Customization Potential: Although simple, the script can be customized further to include additional metrics or visual tweaks to better suit individual trading strategies. Practical Example Imagine you're trading a particular stock and want to decide on a potential breakout strategy. By using this script, you can quickly identify the high of the Full Session as a potential breakout point. If the price approaches this level during the RTH, you can prepare to enter a trade with the confidence that this level has previously acted as a significant resistance. Conversely, knowing the low of the RTH can help you set stop-loss orders to manage risk effectively.
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎dangerdan92‎
Random Entry and ExitStrategy for Researching Whether It Is Possible to Earn Consistently by Opening Random Trades The essence of the strategy lies in generating random entries and exits based on pseudorandom numbers. The generation of pseudorandom numbers is performed by the function random_number based on the value of the seed variable. The variables entry_threshold and exit_threshold control the frequency of entries and exits. Lower values mean less frequent trades. To increase the number of trades, increase the values of these variables. The strategy was created as part of research into whether it is possible to earn randomly in financial markets by making chaotic actions of opening and closing trades. However, it adheres to a few rules: open only long positions (in the direction of the global trend) and do not use leverage. Positions are opened with the entire available capital. 100 generations of the strategy on the daily chart of the S&P 500 (seed 1-101) give 100% positive mathematical expectations. Similar results are observed on higher timeframes of assets that are in a global uptrend. There is also the possibility of opening only short positions for the research. Note that the logic of the strategy is built in such a way that only one trading direction can operate simultaneously (either longs or shorts). On higher timeframes, random shorts show negative results. Positive mathematical expectations for short positions can be found on lower timeframes (1 min, etc.), where a large amount of noise is observed. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Стратегия для исследования, можно ли стабильно зарабатывать при открытии случайных сделок Суть стратегии заключается в генерации случайных входов и выходов на основе псевдослучайных чисел. Генерация псевдослучайных чисел происходит функцией random_number на основе значения переменной seed. Переменные entry_threshold и exit_threshold контролируют частоту входов и выходов. Более низкие значения означают менее частые сделки. Для увеличения количества сделок - увеличивайте значения переменных. Стратегия создавалась в рамках исследования вопроса, можно ли случайным образом зарабатывать на фин. рынках, совершая хаотичные открытия и закрытия сделок. НО, придерживаясь нескольких правил: открывать только длинные позиции (в сторону глобального тренда) и не использовать кредитные плечи. Открытие позиций происходит на весь доступный капитал. 100 генераций стратегии на дневном графике S&P500 (seed 1-101) дают 100% положительных математических ожиданий. Похожие результаты наблюдаются на высоких таймфреймах активов, которые глобально находятся в восходящем тренде. Также для исследования предусмотрена возможность открытия только коротких позиций. Обратите внимание, что логика стратегии построена таким образом, что одновременно может работать только одно направление торговли (либо лонги, либо шорты). На старших таймфреймах случайные шорты показывают негативные результаты. Положительное математическое ожидание для коротких позиций можно обнаружить на младших таймфреймах (1 min, etc), где наблюдается большое количество шумов.
استراتيجيات Pine Script™
من ‎korneev_blacklist‎
7
[InvestorUnknown] Performance MetricsOverview The Performance Metrics indicator is a tool designed to help traders and investors understand and utilize key performance metrics in their strategies. This indicator is inspired by the Rolling Risk-Adjusted Performance Ratios created by @EliCobra, but it offers enhanced usability and additional features to provide a more user-friendly code for understanding the calculations. Features Rolling Lookback: Dynamic Lookback Calculation: The indicator automatically calculates the number of bars from the start of the asset's price history, up to a maximum of 5000 bars due to TradingView platform restrictions. Adjustable Lookback Period: Users can manually set a lookback period or choose to use the rolling lookback feature for dynamic calculations. RollingLookback() => x = bar_index + 1 y = x > 4999 ? 5000 : x > 1 ? (x - 1) : x y Trend Analysis The Trend Analysis section in this indicator helps traders identify the direction of the market trend based on the balance of positive and negative returns over time. This is achieved by calculating the sums of positive and negative returns and optionally smoothing these values to provide a clearer trend signal. Configuration: Enable smoothing if you want to reduce noise in the trend analysis. Choose between EMA and SMA for smoothing. Set the length for smoothing according to your preference for sensitivity (shorter lengths are more sensitive to changes, longer lengths provide smoother signals). Interpretation: - A positive trend difference (filled with green) indicates a bullish trend, suggesting more positive returns. - A negative trend difference (filled with red) indicates a bearish trend, suggesting more negative returns. - Colored bars provide a quick visual cue on the trend direction, helping to make timely trading decisions. // The Trend Analysis section calculates and optionally smooths the sums of positive and negative returns. // This helps identify the trend direction based on the balance of positive and negative returns over time. Ps = Smooth ? Smooth_type == "EMA" ? ta.ema(pos_sum, Smooth_len) : ta.sma(pos_sum, Smooth_len) : pos_sum Ns = Smooth ? Smooth_type == "EMA" ? ta.ema(neg_sum, Smooth_len) : ta.sma(neg_sum, Smooth_len) : neg_sum // Calculate the difference between smoothed positive and negative sums dif = Ps + Ns Performance Metrics Table Visual Table Display: Option to display a table on the chart with calculated performance metrics. This table includes comprehensive metrics like Mean Return, Positive and Negative Mean Return, Standard Deviation, Sharpe Ratio, Sortino Ratio, and Omega Ratio. Performance Metrics Calculated Mean Return: Description: The average return over the lookback period. Purpose: Helps in understanding the overall performance of the asset by providing a simple average of returns. Positive Mean Return: Description: The average of all positive returns over the lookback period. Purpose: Highlights the average gain during profitable periods, giving insight into the asset's potential upside. Negative Mean Return: Description: The average of all negative returns over the lookback period. Purpose: Focuses on the average loss during unprofitable periods, helping to assess the downside risk. Standard Deviation (STDEV): Description: A measure of volatility that calculates the dispersion of returns from the mean. Purpose: Indicates the risk associated with the asset. Higher standard deviation means higher volatility and risk. Sharpe Ratio: Description: A risk-adjusted return metric that divides the mean return by the standard deviation of returns. It can be annualized if selected. Purpose: Provides a standardized way to compare the performance of different assets by considering both return and risk. A higher Sharpe Ratio indicates better risk-adjusted performance. sharpe_ratio = mean_all / stddev_all * (Annualize ? math.sqrt(Lookback) : 1) Sortino Ratio: Description: Similar to the Sharpe Ratio but focuses only on downside volatility. It divides the mean return by the standard deviation of negative returns. It can be annualized if selected. Purpose: Offers a better assessment of downside risk by ignoring upside volatility. A higher Sortino Ratio indicates a higher return per unit of downside risk. sortino_ratio = mean_all / stddev_neg * (Annualize ? math.sqrt(Lookback) : 1) Omega Ratio: Description: The ratio of the probability-weighted average of positive returns to the probability-weighted average of negative returns. Purpose: Measures the overall likelihood of positive returns compared to negative returns. An Omega Ratio greater than 1 indicates more frequent and/or larger positive returns compared to negative returns. omega_ratio = (prob_pos * mean_pos) / (prob_neg * -mean_neg) By calculating and displaying these metrics, the indicator provides a comprehensive view of the asset's performance, enabling traders and investors to make informed decisions based on both returns and risk-adjusted metrics. Use Cases: Performance Evaluation: Assesses an asset's performance by analyzing both returns and risk factors, giving a clear picture of profitability and volatility. Risk Comparison: Compares the risk-adjusted returns of different assets or portfolios, aiding in identifying investments with superior risk-reward trade-offs. Risk Management: Helps manage risk exposure by evaluating downside risks and overall volatility, enabling more informed and strategic investment decisions.
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎InvestorUnknown‎
1
Bayesian Trend Indicator [ChartPrime]Bayesian Trend Indicator Overview: In probability theory and statistics, Bayes' theorem (alternatively Bayes' law or Bayes' rule), named after Thomas Bayes, describes the probability of an event, based on prior knowledge of conditions that might be related to the event. The "Bayesian Trend Indicator" is a sophisticated technical analysis tool designed to assess the direction of price trends in financial markets. It combines the principles of Bayesian probability theory with moving average analysis to provide traders with a comprehensive understanding of market sentiment and potential trend reversals. At its core, the indicator utilizes multiple moving averages, including the Exponential Moving Average (EMA), Simple Moving Average (SMA), Double Exponential Moving Average (DEMA), and Volume Weighted Moving Average (VWMA) . These moving averages are calculated based on user-defined parameters such as length and gap length, allowing traders to customize the indicator to suit their trading strategies and preferences. The indicator begins by calculating the trend for both fast and slow moving averages using a Smoothed Gradient Signal Function. This function assigns a numerical value to each data point based on its relationship with historical data, indicating the strength and direction of the trend. // Smoothed Gradient Signal Function sig(float src, gap)=> ta.ema(source >= src ? 1 : source >= src ? 0.9 : source >= src ? 0.8 : source >= src ? 0.7 : source >= src ? 0.6 : source >= src ? 0.5 : source >= src ? 0.4 : source >= src ? 0.3 : source >= src ? 0.2 : source >= src ? 0.1 : 0, 4) Next, the indicator calculates prior probabilities using the trend information from the slow moving averages and likelihood probabilities using the trend information from the fast moving averages . These probabilities represent the likelihood of an uptrend or downtrend based on historical data. // Define prior probabilities using moving averages prior_up = (ema_trend + sma_trend + dema_trend + vwma_trend) / 4 prior_down = 1 - prior_up // Define likelihoods using faster moving averages likelihood_up = (ema_trend_fast + sma_trend_fast + dema_trend_fast + vwma_trend_fast) / 4 likelihood_down = 1 - likelihood_up Using Bayes' theorem , the indicator then combines the prior and likelihood probabilities to calculate posterior probabilities, which reflect the updated probability of an uptrend or downtrend given the current market conditions. These posterior probabilities serve as a key signal for traders, informing them about the prevailing market sentiment and potential trend reversals. // Calculate posterior probabilities using Bayes' theorem posterior_up = prior_up * likelihood_up / (prior_up * likelihood_up + prior_down * likelihood_down) Key Features: ◆ The trend direction: To visually represent the trend direction , the indicator colors the bars on the chart based on the posterior probabilities. Bars are colored green to indicate an uptrend when the posterior probability is greater than 0.5 (>50%), while bars are colored red to indicate a downtrend when the posterior probability is less than 0.5 (<50%). ◆ Dashboard on the chart Additionally, the indicator displays a dashboard on the chart , providing traders with detailed information about the probability of an uptrend , as well as the trends for each type of moving average. This dashboard serves as a valuable reference for traders to monitor trend strength and make informed trading decisions. ◆ Probability labels and signals: Furthermore, the indicator includes probability labels and signals , which are displayed near the corresponding bars on the chart. These labels indicate the posterior probability of a trend, while small diamonds above or below bars indicate crossover or crossunder events when the posterior probability crosses the 0.5 threshold (50%). The posterior probability of a trend Crossover or Crossunder events ◆ User Inputs Source: Description: Defines the price source for the indicator's calculations. Users can select between different price values like close, open, high, low, etc. MA's Length: Description: Sets the length for the moving averages used in the trend calculations. A larger length will smooth out the moving averages, making the indicator less sensitive to short-term fluctuations. Gap Length Between Fast and Slow MA's: Description: Determines the difference in lengths between the slow and fast moving averages. A higher gap length will increase the difference, potentially identifying stronger trend signals. Gap Signals: Description: Defines the gap used for the smoothed gradient signal function. This parameter affects the sensitivity of the trend signals by setting the number of bars used in the signal calculations. In summary, the "Bayesian Trend Indicator" is a powerful tool that leverages Bayesian probability theory and moving average analysis to help traders identify trend direction, assess market sentiment, and make informed trading decisions in various financial markets.
مؤشرات Pine Script™
من ‎ChartPrime‎
22