Patient Trendfollower (7)(alpha) Backtesting AlgorithmThis is an alpha version of backtesting algorithm for my Patient Trendfollower (7) strategy. It can help you adapt the indicator to other charts than EURUSD. Please bear in mind that price action, volume profiles and supzistences are a catalyst for successful trading, not an indicator. You can get significantly better results if you use these things in your trading and use Trendfollower only as a secondary tool.
Patient Trendfollower Indicator
Thanks belongs to @everget and Satik FX, their contributions are highlighted on an indicator page.
ابحث في النصوص البرمجية عن "backtesting"
BO - RSI - M5 BacktestingBO - RSI - M5 Backtesting -Rule of Strategy
A. Data
1. Chart M5 IDC
2. Symbol: EURJPY
B. Indicator
1. RSI
2. Length: 12 (adjustable)
3. Extreme Top: 75 (adjustable)
4. Extreme Bottom: 25 (adjustable)
C. Rule of Signal
1. Put Signal
* Rsi create a temporary peak over Extreme Top
row61: peak_rsi= rsi >rsi and rsi >rsi and rsi rsi_top
2. Call Signal
* Rsi create a temporary bottom under Extreme Bottom
row62: bott_rsi= rsi rsi and rsi
UT Bot Strategy with Backtesting Range [QuantNomad]UT Bot indicator was inially developer by @Yo_adriiiiaan
Idea of original code belongs @HPotter
I can't update my original UT Bot Strategy so I publishing new strategy with backtesting range included.
I just took code of Yo_adriiiiaan, cleaned it, deleted all useless pieces of code, transformet to v4 and created a strategy from it.
Also I added an input that allows you to swich to signals from Heiking Ashi. I saw that author uses HA for the indicator and on HA it look much nices then on real candles.
Do not add this strategy to HA candles, use usual candles and this checkbox.
Original script:
UT Bot
SuperTrend BacktesterThis is a backtesting script for the famous Super Trend.
Features
- Custom Date Range
- Custom Targets and Risks
Requested by Dlatrella
CS Basic Scripts - Stochastic Special (Strategy)This Stochastic Special Strategy features inputs for:
- Custom Backtesting Date Range
- Long and Short Strategy Discinctions
- Utilize SMI, RSI, Martingale, and Body-Filter Strategy
- Adjust the SMI Percent Lengths and Limit
- Automate with the Autoview Trading Bot
Strategy script may be tested by favoriting and adding to any chart.
Study script is available for automated trading at www.cryptoscores.org
Deviation Back Tester (Great for Credit Spreads)!Error with math fixed in this one. Please use this one.
This is great for credit spreads! Lets say you wanted to know if you had sold a 15% OTM Bull Put vertical 2 months out, how often would you win? This Turns green if you would have been correct with your credit spread had it expired on that date, or red if you would've been wrong. Great for Back testing!
This could also be used for ATM debit spreads credit spreads etc. Example, how often does SPY deviate outside a 10% range relative to two months, 5% (if your doing straddles perhaps) etc.
This Can be used with any stock.
PLEASE KEEP IN MIND THAT IT TESTS DEVIATION IN BOTH DIRECTIONS. THEREFORE IT WILL HIGHLIGHT RED ON BOTH THE UPSIDE AND DOWNSIDE. WHEN BACKTESTING BE SURE TO CHECK WHETHER IT IS RED BECAUSE OF DOWNSIDE OR UPSIDE.
Simple Candle Info This script shows the following simple information about the last candle:
- Candle size
- Body size included %
- Top Wick size
- Bottom Wick size
- Top Wick + Body size
- Bottom Wick + Body size
You can change:
- colors and position for labels
- add information for previous candle too
- change language
Laguerre RSI by KivancOzbilgic STRATEGYBacktesting.
" Laguerre RSI is based on John EHLERS' Laguerre Filter to avoid the noise of RSI .
Change alpha coefficient to increase/decrease lag and smoothness.
Buy when Laguerre RSI crosses upwards above 20.
Sell when Laguerre RSI crosses down below 80.
While indicator runs flat above 80 level, it means that an uptrend is strong.
While indicator runs flat below 20 level, it means that a downtrend is strong. "
Developer: John EHLERS
Author: KivancOzbilgic
Simple Price Momentum - How To Create A Simple Trading StrategyThis script was built using a logical approach to trading systems. All the details can be found in a step by step guide below. I hope you enjoy it. I am really glad to be part of this community. Thank you all. I hope you not only succeed on your trading career but also enjoy it.
docs.google.com
Moving Averages Cross - MTF - StrategyBacktesting Script for the following strategy
Strategy Injector Source: github.com
Dual Timeframe SMA Ribbon Crossover Backtest// Backtesting Dual SMA Ribbon Crossover Strategy
// see f.bpcdn.co
// including time limiting
Turned this study into a backtest.
PA SystemPA System - Price Action Trading System
价格行为交易系统
📊 概述 / Overview
PA System is a comprehensive price action trading indicator that combines Smart Money Concepts (SMC), market structure analysis, and multi-timeframe confirmation to identify high-probability trade setups. Designed for both manual traders and algorithmic trading systems.
PA System 是一个综合性价格行为交易指标,结合了Smart Money概念(SMC)、市场结构分析和多时间框架确认,用于识别高概率交易机会。适用于手动交易者和算法交易系统。
✨ 核心特性 / Key Features
🎯 Four-Phase Signal System / 四阶段信号系统
H1 (First Pullback) - Initial bullish retracement in uptrend
H2 (Confirmed Entry) - Breakout confirmation for long entries
L1 (First Bounce) - Initial bearish bounce in downtrend
L2 (Confirmed Entry) - Breakdown confirmation for short entries
中文说明:
H1(首次回调) - 上升趋势中的初次回撤信号
H2(确认入场) - 突破确认的做多入场点
L1(首次反弹) - 下降趋势中的初次反弹信号
L2(确认入场) - 跌破确认的做空入场点
📐 Market Structure Detection / 市场结构识别
HH (Higher High) - Uptrend confirmation / 上升趋势确认
HL (Higher Low) - Bullish pullback / 多头回调
LH (Lower High) - Bearish bounce / 空头反弹
LL (Lower Low) - Downtrend confirmation / 下降趋势确认
💎 Smart Money Concepts (SMC) / 智能资金概念
BoS (Break of Structure) - Trend continuation signal / 趋势延续信号
CHoCH (Change of Character) - Potential trend reversal / 潜在趋势反转
📈 Dynamic Trendlines / 动态趋势线
Auto-drawn support and resistance trendlines / 自动绘制支撑阻力趋势线
Real-time extension to current bar / 实时延伸至当前K线
Slope-filtered for accuracy / 斜率过滤确保准确性
🎚️ Multi-Timeframe Analysis / 多时间框架分析
Higher timeframe trend filter (default 4H) / 大周期趋势过滤(默认4小时)
Prevents counter-trend trades / 防止逆势交易
Configurable timeframe / 可配置时间周期
📊 Volume Confirmation / 成交量确认
Filters signals based on volume strength / 基于成交量强度过滤信号
20-period volume MA comparison / 与20期成交量均线对比
High-volume bars highlighted / 高成交量K线高亮显示
🎯 Risk Management Tools / 风险管理工具
Automatic SL/TP calculation and display / 自动计算并显示止损止盈
Visual stop loss and take profit lines / 可视化止损止盈线条
Risk percentage and R:R ratio display / 显示风险百分比和盈亏比
Dynamic stop loss sizing (0.3% - 1.5%) / 动态止损范围(0.3% - 1.5%)
📱 Real-Time Alerts / 实时警报
Instant notifications on H2/L2 signals / H2/L2信号即时通知
Webhook support for automation / 支持Webhook自动化
Mobile, email, and popup alerts / 手机、邮件和弹窗警报
📊 Professional Dashboard / 专业仪表盘
Real-time market state (CHANNEL/RANGE/BREAKOUT) / 实时市场状态
Local and MTF trend indicators / 本地及大周期趋势指标
Order flow status (HIGH VOL / LOW VOL) / 订单流状态
Last signal tracker / 最新信号追踪
🔧 参数设置 / Parameter Settings
Structure Settings / 结构设置
Parameter Default Range Description
Swing Length / 摆动长度 5 2-20 Pivot detection sensitivity / 枢轴点检测灵敏度
Trend Confirm Bars / 趋势确认根数 3 2-10 Consecutive bars for breakout / 突破所需连续K线数
Channel ATR Mult / 通道ATR倍数 2.0 1.0-5.0 Range detection threshold / 区间检测阈值
Signal Settings / 信号设置
Parameter Default Description
Enable H2 Longs / 启用H2做多 ✅ Toggle long signals / 开关做多信号
Enable L2 Shorts / 启用L2做空 ✅ Toggle short signals / 开关做空信号
Micro Range Length / 微平台长度 3 Breakout detection bars / 突破检测K线数
Close Strength / 收盘强度 0.6 Minimum close position in bar / K线内最小收盘位置
Filter Settings / 过滤设置
Parameter Default Description
Use MTF Filter / 大周期过滤 ✅ Enable higher timeframe filter / 启用大周期过滤
MTF Timeframe / 大周期时间框架 240 (4H) Higher timeframe period / 大周期时间
Use Volume Filter / 成交量过滤 ✅ Require high volume confirmation / 需要高成交量确认
Volume MA Length / 成交量均线周期 20 Volume comparison period / 成交量对比周期
Fast EMA / 快速EMA 20 Short-term trend / 短期趋势
Slow EMA / 慢速EMA 50 Long-term trend / 长期趋势
Risk Management / 风险管理
Parameter Default Description
Risk % / 风险百分比 1.0% Risk per trade / 每笔交易风险
R:R Ratio / 盈亏比 2.0 Reward to risk ratio / 盈亏比率
Max SL ATR / 最大止损ATR 3.0 Maximum stop loss in ATR / 最大止损ATR倍数
Min SL % / 最小止损百分比 0.3% Minimum stop loss percentage / 最小止损百分比
Max SL % / 最大止损百分比 1.5% Maximum stop loss percentage / 最大止损百分比
📖 使用方法 / How to Use
1. 基础设置 / Basic Setup
For Day Trading (5-15 min charts) / 日内交易(5-15分钟图)
text
Swing Length: 5
MTF Timeframe: 240 (4H)
Risk %: 1.0%
R:R: 2.0
For Swing Trading (1-4H charts) / 波段交易(1-4小时图)
text
Swing Length: 8
MTF Timeframe: D (Daily)
Risk %: 0.5%
R:R: 3.0
For Scalping (1-5 min charts) / 剥头皮(1-5分钟图)
text
Swing Length: 3
MTF Timeframe: 60 (1H)
Risk %: 0.5%
R:R: 1.5
Use Volume Filter: ✅
2. 信号识别 / Signal Identification
Long Entry / 做多入场
✅ Dashboard shows "Local Trend: BULL" / 仪表盘显示"本地趋势:多头"
✅ MTF Trend shows "BULLISH" / 大周期趋势显示"看涨"
✅ Green circle (H1) appears below bar / 绿色圆点(H1)出现在K线下方
⏳ Wait for H2 signal (green triangle ▲) / 等待H2信号(绿色三角▲)
📊 Check volume bar is cyan (HIGH VOL) / 检查成交量柱为青色(高成交量)
🎯 Enter at close of H2 bar / 在H2 K线收盘价入场
🛡️ Set SL at red dashed line / 止损设在红色虚线位置
🎁 Set TP at green dashed line / 止盈设在绿色虚线位置
Short Entry / 做空入场
✅ Dashboard shows "Local Trend: BEAR" / 仪表盘显示"本地趋势:空头"
✅ MTF Trend shows "BEARISH" / 大周期趋势显示"看跌"
✅ Red circle (L1) appears above bar / 红色圆点(L1)出现在K线上方
⏳ Wait for L2 signal (red triangle ▼) / 等待L2信号(红色倒三角▼)
📊 Check volume bar is cyan (HIGH VOL) / 检查成交量柱为青色(高成交量)
🎯 Enter at close of L2 bar / 在L2 K线收盘价入场
🛡️ Set SL at red dashed line / 止损设在红色虚线位置
🎁 Set TP at green dashed line / 止盈设在绿色虚线位置
3. 警报设置 / Alert Setup
Step-by-Step / 分步操作
Click the "⏰" alert icon on chart / 点击图表上的"⏰"警报图标
Select "PA System - Indicator Version" / 选择"PA System (V1.1) - Indicator Version"
Condition: "Any alert() function call" / 条件:选择"Any alert() function call"
Choose notification method: / 选择通知方式:
📱 Mobile Push / 手机推送
📧 Email / 邮件
🔗 Webhook URL (for automation) / Webhook网址(用于自动化)
Set frequency: "Once Per Bar Close" / 频率:选择"Once Per Bar Close"
Click "Create" / 点击"创建"
Webhook Example for IBKR API / IBKR API的Webhook示例
json
{
"signal": "{{strategy.order.action}}",
"ticker": "{{ticker}}",
"entry": {{close}},
"stop_loss": {{plot_0}},
"take_profit": {{plot_1}},
"timestamp": "{{timenow}}"
}
4. 交易管理 / Trade Management
Position Sizing / 仓位计算
text
Account: $10,000
Risk per Trade: 1% = $100
Entry Price: $690.45
Stop Loss: $687.38
Risk per Share: $690.45 - $687.38 = $3.07
Position Size: $100 / $3.07 = 32 shares
Partial Profit Taking / 部分止盈
Close 50% position at 1:1 R:R / 在1:1盈亏比时平仓50%
Move SL to breakeven / 移动止损至保本位
Let remaining 50% run to 2R target / 让剩余50%跑向2R目标
🎨 视觉元素说明 / Visual Elements Guide
Chart Markers / 图表标记
Symbol Color Meaning
⚫ Small Circle / 小圆点 🟢 Green / 绿色 H1 - First bullish pullback / 首次多头回调
▲ Triangle / 三角形 🟢 Green / 绿色 H2 - Confirmed long entry / 确认做多入场
⚫ Small Circle / 小圆点 🔴 Red / 红色 L1 - First bearish bounce / 首次空头反弹
▼ Inverted Triangle / 倒三角 🔴 Red / 红色 L2 - Confirmed short entry / 确认做空入场
Structure Labels / 结构标签
Label Position Meaning
HH Above high / 高点上方 Higher High - Bullish / 更高的高点-看涨
HL Below low / 低点下方 Higher Low - Bullish / 更高的低点-看涨
LH Above high / 高点上方 Lower High - Bearish / 更低的高点-看跌
LL Below low / 低点下方 Lower Low - Bearish / 更低的低点-看跌
BoS/CHoCH Lines / 破位线条
Type Color Width Meaning
BoS 🔵 Teal / 青色 2px Break of Structure - Trend continues / 结构突破-趋势延续
CHoCH 🔴 Red / 红色 2px Change of Character - Trend reversal / 性质改变-趋势反转
Trendlines / 趋势线
Type Color Style Meaning
Bullish / 看涨 🔵 Teal / 青色 Solid / 实线 Uptrend support / 上升趋势支撑
Bearish / 看跌 🔴 Red / 红色 Solid / 实线 Downtrend resistance / 下降趋势阻力
Risk Lines / 风险线条
Type Color Style Meaning
Stop Loss / 止损 🔴 Red / 红色 Dashed / 虚线 Suggested stop loss level / 建议止损位
Take Profit / 止盈 🟢 Green / 绿色 Dashed / 虚线 Suggested take profit level / 建议止盈位
Dashboard Colors / 仪表盘颜色
Status Color Meaning
BULL / 多头 🟢 Green / 绿色 Bullish trend / 看涨趋势
BEAR / 空头 🔴 Red / 红色 Bearish trend / 看跌趋势
NEUTRAL / 中性 ⚪ Gray / 灰色 No clear trend / 无明确趋势
BREAKOUT / 突破 🟡 Lime / 黄绿 Strong momentum / 强劲动能
HIGH VOL / 高成交量 🔵 Cyan / 青色 High volume confirmation / 高成交量确认
💡 交易策略建议 / Trading Strategy Tips
✅ High Probability Setups / 高概率设置
Trend Alignment / 趋势一致
Local Trend = BULL + MTF Trend = BULLISH / 本地多头 + 大周期看涨
Or: Local Trend = BEAR + MTF Trend = BEARISH / 或:本地空头 + 大周期看跌
Volume Confirmation / 成交量确认
H2/L2 signal appears with cyan volume bar / H2/L2信号伴随青色成交量柱
Volume > 20-period MA / 成交量 > 20期均线
Trendline Support / 趋势线支撑
H2 appears near bullish trendline / H2出现在看涨趋势线附近
L2 appears near bearish trendline / L2出现在看跌趋势线附近
BoS Confirmation / BoS确认
Recent BoS in same direction / 最近同方向的BoS
No CHoCH against the trade / 无逆向的CHoCH
❌ Avoid These Setups / 避免这些情况
Conflicting Trends / 趋势冲突
Local BULL but MTF BEARISH / 本地多头但大周期看跌
Market State = RANGE / 市场状态 = 区间
Low Volume / 低成交量
Order Flow shows "LOW VOL" / 订单流显示"低成交量"
Volume bar is red (below MA) / 成交量柱为红色(低于均线)
Against Trendline / 逆趋势线
Shorting at bullish trendline support / 在看涨趋势线支撑处做空
Buying at bearish trendline resistance / 在看跌趋势线阻力处做多
Recent CHoCH / 近期CHoCH
CHoCH appeared within 10 bars / 10根K线内出现CHoCH
Potential trend reversal zone / 潜在趋势反转区域
🔄 优化建议 / Optimization Tips
For Different Markets / 针对不同市场
Stocks / 股票
text
Swing Length: 5-8
MTF: 240 (4H) or D (Daily)
Risk %: 0.5-1.0%
Best on: SPY, QQQ, AAPL, TSLA
Forex / 外汇
text
Swing Length: 5
MTF: 240 (4H)
Risk %: 1.0-2.0%
Best on: EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USD/JPY
Use Volume Filter: OFF (Forex volume is unreliable)
Crypto / 加密货币
text
Swing Length: 3-5
MTF: 240 (4H)
Risk %: 0.5-1.0% (high volatility)
Max SL %: 2.0-3.0%
Best on: BTC, ETH, SOL
Futures / 期货
text
Swing Length: 5
MTF: 240 (4H)
Risk %: 1.0-1.5%
Best on: ES, NQ, RTY, CL
🤖 自动化集成 / Automation Integration
Python + IBKR API Example / Python + IBKR API示例
python
import requests
from ib_insync import *
def handle_tradingview_alert(alert_data):
"""
Receives webhook from TradingView alert
接收来自TradingView警报的webhook
"""
signal = alert_data # "H2 LONG" or "L2 SHORT"
ticker = alert_data # "SPY"
entry = alert_data # 690.45
stop_loss = alert_data # 687.38
take_profit = alert_data # 696.59
# Connect to IBKR
ib = IB()
ib.connect('127.0.0.1', 7497, clientId=1)
# Create contract
contract = Stock(ticker, 'SMART', 'USD')
# Calculate position size (1% risk)
account_value = ib.accountValues() .value
risk_amount = float(account_value) * 0.01
risk_per_share = abs(entry - stop_loss)
quantity = int(risk_amount / risk_per_share)
# Place order
if "LONG" in signal:
order = MarketOrder('BUY', quantity)
else:
order = MarketOrder('SELL', quantity)
trade = ib.placeOrder(contract, order)
# Set stop loss and take profit
ib.placeOrder(contract, StopOrder('SELL', quantity, stop_loss))
ib.placeOrder(contract, LimitOrder('SELL', quantity, take_profit))
ib.disconnect()
TradersPost Integration / TradersPost集成
Create TradersPost account / 创建TradersPost账户
Connect IBKR broker / 连接IBKR券商
Get Webhook URL / 获取Webhook网址
Add to TradingView alert / 添加到TradingView警报
Test with paper trading / 用模拟账户测试
📊 性能指标 / Performance Metrics
Expected Performance (Backtested) / 预期表现(回测)
Metric Value Notes
Win Rate / 胜率 60-75% With all filters enabled / 启用所有过滤器
Avg R:R / 平均盈亏比 1.8-2.2 Using 2R target / 使用2R目标
Max Drawdown / 最大回撤 8-12% 1% risk per trade / 每笔1%风险
Profit Factor / 盈利因子 1.8-2.5 Trend-following bias / 趋势跟随偏向
Best Markets / 最佳市场 Trending Avoid ranging markets / 避免区间市场
⚠️ Disclaimer: Past performance does not guarantee future results. Always test in paper trading first.
⚠️ 免责声明:历史表现不保证未来结果。请先在模拟账户测试。
🛠️ 故障排除 / Troubleshooting
Problem: No signals appearing / 问题:没有信号出现
Solution / 解决方案:
Disable MTF Filter temporarily / 暂时关闭大周期过滤
Disable Volume Filter / 关闭成交量过滤
Reduce Swing Length to 3 / 将摆动长度降至3
Check if market is ranging (no clear trend) / 检查市场是否处于区间(无明确趋势)
Problem: Too many signals / 问题:信号太多
Solution / 解决方案:
Enable MTF Filter / 启用大周期过滤
Enable Volume Filter / 启用成交量过滤
Increase Swing Length to 8 / 将摆动长度增至8
Enable Break Filter / 启用破位过滤
Problem: Alerts not working / 问题:警报不工作
Solution / 解决方案:
Check "Enable Alerts" is ON / 检查"启用警报"已开启
Verify alert condition is "Any alert() function call" / 确认警报条件为"Any alert() function call"
Check notification settings in TradingView / 检查TradingView通知设置
Test alert with "Test" button / 用"测试"按钮测试警报
Problem: SL/TP lines not showing / 问题:止损止盈线不显示
Solution / 解决方案:
Enable "Show SL/TP Labels" in settings / 在设置中启用"显示止损止盈标签"
Check if signal is recent (lines expire after 10 bars) / 检查信号是否近期(线条在10根K线后消失)
Zoom in to see lines more clearly / 放大图表以更清楚地看到线条
📚 常见问题 FAQ
Q1: Can I use this on any timeframe? / 可以在任何时间框架使用吗?
A: Yes, but works best on 5min-4H charts. Recommended: 15min (day trading), 1H (swing trading).
可以,但在5分钟-4小时图表效果最佳。推荐:15分钟(日内交易),1小时(波段交易)。
Q2: Do I need to enable all filters? / 需要启用所有过滤器吗?
A: No. Start with all enabled, then disable based on your risk tolerance. MTF filter is highly recommended.
不需要。从全部启用开始,然后根据风险承受能力禁用。强烈推荐MTF过滤器。
Q3: Can I automate this with IBKR? / 可以与IBKR自动化吗?
A: Yes! Use TradingView alerts + Webhook + Python script + IBKR API. See automation example above.
可以!使用TradingView警报 + Webhook + Python脚本 + IBKR API。参见上方自动化示例。
Q4: What's the difference between Strategy and Indicator version? / 策略版和指标版有什么区别?
A: Strategy = backtesting only. Indicator = real-time alerts + automation. Use both: backtest with strategy, trade with indicator.
策略版=仅回测。指标版=实时警报+自动化。两者结合使用:用策略版回测,用指标版交易。
Q5: Why does H2 appear but no trade? / 为什么出现H2但没有交易?
A: This is an indicator, not a strategy. You need to manually place orders or use automation via alerts.
这是指标,不是策略。你需要手动下单或通过警报使用自动化。
⚖️ 免责声明 / Disclaimer
IMPORTANT / 重要提示:
This indicator is for educational purposes only. Trading involves substantial risk of loss. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Always:
本指标仅供教育目的。交易涉及重大亏损风险。历史表现不保证未来结果。请务必:
✅ Test in paper trading first / 先在模拟账户测试
✅ Use proper risk management (1-2% max per trade) / 使用适当风险管理(每笔最多1-2%)
✅ Never risk more than you can afford to lose / 永远不要冒超出承受能力的风险
✅ Understand the strategy before using / 使用前理解策略原理
Not financial advice. Trade at your own risk.
非投资建议。交易风险自负。
Webhook Candle Sender (OHLCV)This indicator sends OHLCV (Open, High, Low, Close, Volume) candle data via webhook on every confirmed bar close.
It is designed to integrate TradingView with an external trading or analytics system (e.g. a local Flask server, paper trading engine, or algorithmic agent).
Features:
• Sends data only on bar close (no repainting)
• Works on any symbol (stocks, crypto, forex)
• Works on any timeframe
• Outputs structured JSON suitable for APIs and bots
• Uses TradingView alert() function for webhook delivery
Typical use cases:
• Algorithmic trading research
• Paper trading systems
• Backtesting external strategies
• Educational and learning purposes
This script does NOT place trades, manage risk, or provide trading signals.
It only transmits candle data.
No financial advice is provided.
Commodity Channel Index CCI + EMA strategy
================================================================================
COMMODITY CHANNEL INDEX CCI + EMA STRATEGY - STRATEGY GUIDE 📊
================================================================================
💡 COLLABORATION & SUPPORT
---------------------------
If you want to collaborate, have an idea for a strategy, or need help writing
or customizing code, send an email to burdytrader@gmail.com or send me a
message. Suggestions, ideas, and comments are always welcome! 🤝
I also develop automated trading codes for other trading platforms including:
- CTrader (C#)
- MetaTrader 4 (MQL4)
- MetaTrader 5 (MQL5)
If you need a strategy converted or developed for any of these platforms, feel
free to contact me!
================================================================================
⚠️ IMPORTANT: INSTRUMENT SELECTION 📈
-------------------------------------
This strategy performs BEST with currency pairs (forex). The CCI indicator
works particularly well in the forex market due to the nature of currency
movements and the effectiveness of the CCI in identifying overbought and
oversold conditions in trending markets.
Why Currency Pairs? 🎯
- CCI is highly effective in identifying reversals in forex markets
- Currency pairs show clear overbought/oversold patterns
- EMA filter (50/200) aligns well with major forex trends
- High liquidity ensures reliable signal execution
Performance Highlights:
In specific currency pairs, when properly configured, this strategy can achieve:
- Profit Factor: Over 2.0
- Win Rate: Up to 70%
- Particularly effective pairs: USDCAD, EURUSD, GBPJPY
While the strategy can work with other instruments (stocks, indices, commodities),
currency pairs provide the most consistent and reliable results. For optimal
performance, focus on major forex pairs with good liquidity and clear trending
characteristics.
================================================================================
WHAT DOES THIS STRATEGY DO? 🎯
---------------------------
This strategy combines the Commodity Channel Index (CCI) with Exponential
Moving Averages (EMA) to identify high-probability trading opportunities.
The strategy uses CCI crossovers with a smoothing moving average and filters
signals using EMA trend confirmation. The strategy automatically enters trades
when CCI crosses the smoothing MA in specific zones, indicating potential trend
reversals or continuations.
HOW IT WORKS? ⚙️
---------------
1. CCI CALCULATION 📈
The strategy calculates the Commodity Channel Index using:
- CCI = (Price - SMA(Price, length)) / (0.015 × Deviation(Price, length))
- Default length: 20 periods
- Source: HLC3 (typical price)
The CCI shows:
- Values above +100 = Overbought conditions
- Values below -100 = Oversold conditions
- Values around 0 = Neutral conditions
2. SMOOTHING MOVING AVERAGE 📊
A moving average is applied to the CCI to smooth out fluctuations:
- Types available: SMA, EMA, SMMA (RMA), WMA, VWMA
- Default: SMA with length 14
- Can be disabled (set to "None")
This smoothed line acts as a reference for crossover signals.
3. EMA TREND FILTER 🎯
Two EMAs are calculated on the CCI:
- EMA 50 (fast EMA)
- EMA 200 (slow EMA)
When the EMA filter is enabled:
- LONG signals only occur when EMA50 > EMA200 (uptrend confirmation)
- SHORT signals only occur when EMA50 < EMA200 (downtrend confirmation)
This filter can be enabled/disabled via the "Use EMA Filter" option.
4. ENTRY CONDITIONS 🎲
LONG ENTRY (Buy Signal):
- CCI crosses ABOVE the Smoothing MA (crossover)
- CCI is between Lower Level (-100) and Middle Level (0)
- EMA Filter: EMA50 > EMA200 (if filter enabled)
- No existing positions (or close opposite positions first)
SHORT ENTRY (Sell Signal):
- CCI crosses BELOW the Smoothing MA (crossunder)
- CCI is between Middle Level (0) and Upper Level (+100)
- EMA Filter: EMA50 < EMA200 (if filter enabled)
- No existing positions (or close opposite positions first)
5. POSITION MANAGEMENT 💰
The strategy uses a simple position management approach:
- Only ONE position at a time (no pyramiding)
- If a signal occurs in the opposite direction, closes existing position first
- Then opens new position in the new direction
- This prevents overexposure and simplifies risk management
6. TAKE PROFIT & STOP LOSS SETTINGS 🎯
The strategy uses percentage-based TP/SL:
- Take Profit: 1.0% (default, configurable)
- Stop Loss: 0.5% (default, configurable)
- Risk/Reward Ratio: 2:1 (TP is double the SL)
TP/SL are calculated once when the position opens and remain fixed.
AVAILABLE PARAMETERS ⚙️
-----------------------
CCI SETTINGS:
1. CCI Length (Default: 20)
- Period for CCI calculation
- Lower values = More sensitive to recent price action
- Higher values = More smoothed, less sensitive
2. CCI Source (Default: HLC3)
- Price source for CCI calculation
- Options: close, open, high, low, hlc3, hlcc4, ohlc4
3. CCI Lower Level (Default: -100)
- Lower boundary for LONG entry zone
- Typically -100 for oversold conditions
4. CCI Middle Level (Default: 0)
- Neutral level separating LONG and SHORT zones
5. CCI Upper Level (Default: +100)
- Upper boundary for SHORT entry zone
- Typically +100 for overbought conditions
SMOOTHING MA:
6. Type (Default: SMA)
- Moving average type: None, SMA, EMA, SMMA (RMA), WMA, VWMA
- Set to "None" to disable smoothing
7. Length (Default: 14)
- Period for smoothing MA
- Range: 7-28, step 7
EMA FILTER:
8. EMA 1 Length (Default: 50)
- Fast EMA period applied to CCI
9. EMA 2 Length (Default: 200)
- Slow EMA period applied to CCI
10. Use EMA Filter (Default: true)
- Enable/disable EMA trend filter
- When enabled: LONG only if EMA50 > EMA200, SHORT only if EMA50 < EMA200
RISK MANAGEMENT:
11. Take Profit (%) (Default: 1.0%)
- Profit target as percentage of entry price
- For LONG: Entry × (1 + TP%)
- For SHORT: Entry × (1 - TP%)
12. Stop Loss (%) (Default: 0.5%)
- Stop loss as percentage of entry price
- For LONG: Entry × (1 - SL%)
- For SHORT: Entry × (1 + SL%)
VISUALIZATION 📊
---------------
The strategy displays in a separate panel below the price chart:
1. CCI LINE
- Blue line showing the CCI value
- Oscillates around zero
2. SMOOTHING MA LINE
- Yellow line showing the smoothed CCI
- Reference line for crossover signals
3. CCI LEVEL LINES
- Red dashed line: Upper Level (+100)
- Green dashed line: Lower Level (-100)
- Yellow dashed line: Middle Level (0)
4. ENTRY SIGNALS
- Green cross: LONG entry signal (when CCI crosses above MA)
- Red cross: SHORT entry signal (when CCI crosses below MA)
RECOMMENDED SETTINGS 🎯
-----------------------
To get started, you can use these settings:
CCI SETTINGS:
- CCI Length: 20 (default)
- CCI Source: HLC3 (default)
- CCI Lower Level: -100 (default)
- CCI Middle Level: 0 (default)
- CCI Upper Level: +100 (default)
SMOOTHING MA:
- Type: SMA (default) or EMA for faster response
- Length: 14 (default)
EMA FILTER:
- EMA 1 Length: 50 (default)
- EMA 2 Length: 200 (default)
- Use EMA Filter: true (recommended for better signal quality)
RISK MANAGEMENT:
- Take Profit (%): 1.0% (adjust based on your risk/reward preference)
- Stop Loss (%): 0.5% (adjust based on your risk tolerance)
For more aggressive trading:
- Reduce CCI Length to 14-16
- Reduce Smoothing MA Length to 7
- Disable EMA Filter
For more conservative trading:
- Increase CCI Length to 24-30
- Increase Smoothing MA Length to 21-28
- Keep EMA Filter enabled
RECOMMENDED CURRENCY PAIRS 💱
------------------------------
This strategy is optimized for currency pairs and performs exceptionally well
on the following pairs when properly configured:
TOP PERFORMING PAIRS:
- USDCAD: Can achieve Profit Factor > 2.0 and Win Rate up to 70%
- EURUSD: Excellent performance with consistent signals
- GBPJPY: Strong results with proper EMA filter configuration
These pairs have shown the best historical performance due to:
- Clear trending characteristics
- Good response to CCI overbought/oversold levels
- Strong alignment with EMA 50/200 trend filter
- High liquidity ensuring reliable execution
When trading these pairs, use the default settings or slightly adjusted
parameters based on the pair's volatility. Always backtest on historical
data before using real money to find the optimal configuration for each
specific pair.
PRACTICAL EXAMPLE 📝
--------------------
Scenario: LONG Entry on EUR/USD
1. Market conditions:
- Price: 1.1000
- CCI: -80 (in oversold zone)
- Smoothing MA: -90
- CCI crosses above Smoothing MA (crossover occurs)
- EMA50: -50, EMA200: -70 (EMA50 > EMA200, uptrend confirmed)
2. Strategy checks conditions:
✓ Smoothing MA enabled: Yes
✓ Crossover: Yes (CCI crosses above MA)
✓ CCI in range: Yes (-100 <= -80 <= 0)
✓ EMA Filter: Yes (EMA50 > EMA200)
✓ No existing position: Yes
3. Strategy opens position:
- Direction: LONG (Buy)
- Entry: 1.1000 (current close)
- Take Profit: 1.1110 (1.0% above entry)
- Stop Loss: 1.0945 (0.5% below entry)
- Risk/Reward: 2:1
4. Outcome scenarios:
- If price rises to 1.1110 → Take Profit hit (profit)
- If price falls to 1.0945 → Stop Loss hit (loss limited)
IMPORTANT NOTE ⚠️
-----------------
This strategy is a technical analysis tool based on CCI and EMA indicators.
Like all trading strategies, it does NOT guarantee profits. Trading involves
significant risks and you can lose money, including your entire investment.
Past performance does not guarantee future results.
Always:
- Use appropriate risk management
- Never risk more than you can afford to lose
- Test the strategy on historical data (backtesting) before using real money
- Start with small position sizes or paper trading
- Understand that no strategy works 100% of the time
- Consider market conditions, news events, and other factors
- Keep a trading journal to learn and improve
The author and contributors are NOT responsible for any losses incurred from
using this strategy. Trading decisions are your own responsibility. Profits
are NOT guaranteed, and losses are possible.
LICENSE 📄
----------
This code is open source and available for modification. You are free to use,
modify, and distribute this strategy. If you republish or share a modified
version, please kindly mention the original author.
================================================================================
Delta Volume EMA Strategy
================================================================================
DELTA VOLUME EMA STRATEGY - STRATEGY GUIDE 📊
================================================================================
💡 COLLABORATION & SUPPORT
---------------------------
If you want to collaborate, have an idea for a strategy, or need help writing
or customizing code, send an email to burdytrader@gmail.com or send me a
message. Suggestions, ideas, and comments are always welcome! 🤝
================================================================================
⚠️ IMPORTANT: INSTRUMENT SELECTION 📈
-------------------------------------
This strategy performs BEST with instruments that have a centralized data flow,
such as Futures contracts. Centralized markets provide more accurate and
reliable volume data, which is essential for Volume Delta analysis to work
effectively.
Why Futures? 🎯
- Centralized exchange = Accurate volume data
- All trades flow through a single exchange
- Volume reflects true buying/selling pressure
- Better correlation between volume and price movements
While the strategy can work with other instruments (stocks, forex, etc.),
volume data quality may vary, which can affect the reliability of Volume Delta
signals. For optimal performance, use Futures contracts or other instruments
with centralized, high-quality volume data.
================================================================================
WHAT DOES THIS STRATEGY DO? 🎯
---------------------------
This strategy uses Volume Delta analysis combined with Exponential Moving
Averages (EMA) to identify high-probability trading opportunities. The Volume
Delta measures the difference between buying and selling pressure, helping to
identify when strong institutional or smart money movements occur. The strategy
automatically enters trades when volume delta reaches extreme levels, indicating
potential trend continuation or reversal points.
HOW IT WORKS? ⚙️
---------------
1. VOLUME DELTA CALCULATION 📈
The strategy calculates the Volume Delta using the following formula:
- Volume Ratio (v) = Current Volume / Previous Volume
- EMA of Close (mac) = EMA(Close, MA Length) × Volume Ratio
- EMA of Open (mao) = EMA(Open, MA Length) × Volume Ratio
- Volume Delta (vd) = mac - mao
The Volume Delta shows:
- Positive values (green) = Buying pressure (buyers are more active)
- Negative values (red) = Selling pressure (sellers are more active)
2. VOLUME DELTA MOVING AVERAGE 📊
The strategy calculates an EMA of the Volume Delta (vdma) to smooth out
fluctuations and identify the overall trend of buying/selling pressure:
- vdma = EMA(Volume Delta, EMA Length)
- When vdma is above zero = Overall buying pressure
- When vdma is below zero = Overall selling pressure
3. PERCENTILE-BASED ENTRY CONDITIONS 🎲
Instead of using fixed thresholds, the strategy uses percentile analysis to
identify extreme volume delta movements:
For LONG entries:
- Analyzes seller volumes (negative volume delta) over the lookback period
- Calculates the percentile threshold (default: 80th percentile)
- Enters LONG when volume delta becomes positive AND exceeds the threshold
- This indicates a strong shift from selling to buying pressure
For SHORT entries:
- Analyzes buyer volumes (positive volume delta) over the lookback period
- Calculates the percentile threshold (default: 80th percentile)
- Enters SHORT when volume delta becomes negative AND exceeds the threshold
- This indicates a strong shift from buying to selling pressure
4. POSITION SIZING 💰
The strategy offers two position sizing methods:
a) RISK VALUE (Fixed Risk in Dollars):
- Calculates position size based on a fixed dollar risk amount
- Formula: Position Size = Risk Amount / (Entry Price × Stop Loss %)
- Ensures consistent risk per trade regardless of price level
b) LOTS SIZE:
- Uses a fixed lot size for all trades
- Simple and straightforward approach
- Useful when you want consistent position sizes
5. TAKE PROFIT & STOP LOSS SETTINGS 🎯
The strategy offers flexible TP/SL configuration in three modes:
a) PERCENTAGE (%):
- TP/SL calculated as a percentage of entry price
- Example: 2% TP means entry price × 1.02 (for LONG) or × 0.98 (for SHORT)
- Adapts automatically to different price levels
b) CURRENCY:
- TP/SL set as a fixed currency amount
- Example: $100 TP means entry price + $100 (for LONG) or - $100 (for SHORT)
- Useful for instruments with consistent price movements
c) PIPS:
- TP/SL set as a fixed number of pips
- Automatically converts pips to price using the instrument's minimum tick
- Ideal for forex and other pip-based instruments
6. AUTOMATIC TRADE EXECUTION ⚡
When entry conditions are met:
- Opens a position (LONG or SHORT) at market price
- Automatically sets Take Profit and Stop Loss based on selected mode
- Sends an alert with all trade information
- Only one position at a time (waits for current position to close)
AVAILABLE PARAMETERS ⚙️
----------------------
1. MA LENGTH (Default: 10)
- Length of the Exponential Moving Average used for close and open prices
- Lower values = More sensitive to recent price action
- Higher values = More smoothed, less sensitive
2. EMA LENGTH (Default: 20)
- Length of the EMA applied to Volume Delta
- Controls the smoothing of the volume delta signal
- Lower values = Faster signals, more trades
- Higher values = Slower signals, fewer but potentially more reliable trades
3. POSITION SIZE MODE
- "Risk Value": Calculate position size based on fixed dollar risk
- "Lots Size": Use fixed lot size for all trades
4. FIXED RISK IN $ (Default: 50)
- Only used when Position Size Mode = "Risk Value"
- The dollar amount you're willing to risk per trade
- Strategy calculates position size automatically
5. LOT SIZE (Default: 0.01)
- Only used when Position Size Mode = "Lots Size"
- Fixed lot size for all trades
6. TAKE PROFIT MODE
- "%": Percentage of entry price
- "Currency": Fixed currency amount
- "Pips": Fixed number of pips
7. STOP LOSS MODE
- "%": Percentage of entry price
- "Currency": Fixed currency amount
- "Pips": Fixed number of pips
8. TAKE PROFIT / STOP LOSS VALUES
- Different input fields appear based on selected mode
- Configure TP and SL independently
9. VOLUME LOOKBACK PERIOD (Default: 20)
- Number of bars used to calculate percentile thresholds
- Lower values = More sensitive, adapts faster to recent conditions
- Higher values = More stable, uses longer-term statistics
10. PERCENTILE THRESHOLD (Default: 80%)
- The percentile level used to identify extreme volume delta movements
- 80% means: only enter when volume delta exceeds 80% of recent values
- Higher values = Fewer but potentially stronger signals
- Lower values = More frequent signals
VISUALIZATION 📊
---------------
The strategy displays on the chart:
1. VOLUME DELTA COLUMNS
- Green columns = Positive volume delta (buying pressure)
- Red columns = Negative volume delta (selling pressure)
- Height represents the magnitude of buying/selling pressure
2. VOLUME DELTA MA AREA
- Two overlapping area plots showing the smoothed volume delta
- Black area (base layer) for overall visualization
- Green area (when positive) = Overall buying pressure trend
- Red area (when negative) = Overall selling pressure trend
- Helps identify the dominant market sentiment
3. ZERO LINE
- Horizontal line at zero
- Helps visualize when buying/selling pressure crosses the neutral point
ALERTS 🔔
--------
When enabled, the strategy sends alerts when a trade is opened. The alert
message includes:
- Direction: "Buy" for LONG positions or "Sell" for SHORT positions
- Entry Price: The price at which the position was opened
- TP (Take Profit): The target profit price
- SL (Stop Loss): The stop loss price
Example alert message:
"Buy | Entry: 1.2050 | TP: 1.2250 | SL: 1.1950"
Alerts can be configured in TradingView to send notifications via email,
SMS, webhooks, or other platforms.
RECOMMENDED SETTINGS 🎯
-----------------------
To get started, you can use these settings:
STRATEGY PARAMETERS:
- MA Length: 10 (default)
- EMA Length: 20 (default)
- Volume Lookback Period: 20 (default)
- Percentile Threshold: 80% (default)
POSITION SIZING:
- Position Size Mode: "Risk Value" (for risk management)
- Fixed Risk in $: Adjust based on your account size (e.g., 1-2% of account)
- OR use "Lots Size" with 0.01 lots for small accounts
TAKE PROFIT & STOP LOSS:
- TP Mode: "%" (recommended for most instruments)
- SL Mode: "%" (recommended for most instruments)
- Take Profit (%): 2.0% (adjust based on your risk/reward preference)
- Stop Loss (%): 1.0% (adjust based on your risk tolerance)
For Forex:
- Consider using "Pips" mode for TP/SL
- Typical values: 20-50 pips TP, 10-30 pips SL
For Stocks/Indices:
- Use "%" mode for TP/SL
- Typical values: 2-5% TP, 1-2% SL
PRACTICAL EXAMPLE 📝
-------------------
Scenario: LONG Entry on EUR/USD
1. Market conditions:
- Price: 1.1000
- Volume Delta becomes strongly positive
- Volume Delta exceeds 80th percentile of recent seller volumes
2. Strategy calculates:
- Entry Price: 1.1000 (current close)
- Position Size Mode: "Risk Value"
- Fixed Risk: $50
- Stop Loss Mode: "%"
- Stop Loss: 1.0%
- Position Size = $50 / (1.1000 × 0.01) = 4.55 lots
3. Strategy opens position:
- Direction: LONG (Buy)
- Entry: 1.1000
- Take Profit: 1.1220 (2% above entry)
- Stop Loss: 1.0890 (1% below entry)
- Alert sent: "Buy | Entry: 1.1000 | TP: 1.1220 | SL: 1.0890"
4. Outcome scenarios:
- If price rises to 1.1220 → Take Profit hit (profit)
- If price falls to 1.0890 → Stop Loss hit (loss limited to $50)
IMPORTANT NOTE ⚠️
-----------------
This strategy is a technical analysis tool based on volume delta analysis.
Like all trading strategies, it does NOT guarantee profits. Trading involves
significant risks and you can lose money, including your entire investment.
Past performance does not guarantee future results.
Always:
- Use appropriate risk management
- Never risk more than you can afford to lose
- Test the strategy on historical data (backtesting) before using real money
- Start with small position sizes or paper trading
- Understand that no strategy works 100% of the time
- Consider market conditions, news events, and other factors
- Keep a trading journal to learn and improve
The author and contributors are NOT responsible for any losses incurred from
using this strategy. Trading decisions are your own responsibility. Profits
are NOT guaranteed, and losses are possible.
LICENSE 📄
---------
This code is open source and available for modification. You are free to use,
modify, and distribute this strategy. If you republish or share a modified
version, please kindly mention the original author.
================================================================================
Game Theory Trading StrategyGame Theory Trading Strategy: Explanation and Working Logic
This Pine Script (version 5) code implements a trading strategy named "Game Theory Trading Strategy" in TradingView. Unlike the previous indicator, this is a full-fledged strategy with automated entry/exit rules, risk management, and backtesting capabilities. It uses Game Theory principles to analyze market behavior, focusing on herd behavior, institutional flows, liquidity traps, and Nash equilibrium to generate buy (long) and sell (short) signals. Below, I'll explain the strategy's purpose, working logic, key components, and usage tips in detail.
1. General Description
Purpose: The strategy identifies high-probability trading opportunities by combining Game Theory concepts (herd behavior, contrarian signals, Nash equilibrium) with technical analysis (RSI, volume, momentum). It aims to exploit market inefficiencies caused by retail herd behavior, institutional flows, and liquidity traps. The strategy is designed for automated trading with defined risk management (stop-loss/take-profit) and position sizing based on market conditions.
Key Features:
Herd Behavior Detection: Identifies retail panic buying/selling using RSI and volume spikes.
Liquidity Traps: Detects stop-loss hunting zones where price breaks recent highs/lows but reverses.
Institutional Flow Analysis: Tracks high-volume institutional activity via Accumulation/Distribution and volume spikes.
Nash Equilibrium: Uses statistical price bands to assess whether the market is in equilibrium or deviated (overbought/oversold).
Risk Management: Configurable stop-loss (SL) and take-profit (TP) percentages, dynamic position sizing based on Game Theory (minimax principle).
Visualization: Displays Nash bands, signals, background colors, and two tables (Game Theory status and backtest results).
Backtesting: Tracks performance metrics like win rate, profit factor, max drawdown, and Sharpe ratio.
Strategy Settings:
Initial capital: $10,000.
Pyramiding: Up to 3 positions.
Position size: 10% of equity (default_qty_value=10).
Configurable inputs for RSI, volume, liquidity, institutional flow, Nash equilibrium, and risk management.
Warning: This is a strategy, not just an indicator. It executes trades automatically in TradingView's Strategy Tester. Always backtest thoroughly and use proper risk management before live trading.
2. Working Logic (Step by Step)
The strategy processes each bar (candle) to generate signals, manage positions, and update performance metrics. Here's how it works:
a. Input Parameters
The inputs are grouped for clarity:
Herd Behavior (🐑):
RSI Period (14): For overbought/oversold detection.
Volume MA Period (20): To calculate average volume for spike detection.
Herd Threshold (2.0): Volume multiplier for detecting herd activity.
Liquidity Analysis (💧):
Liquidity Lookback (50): Bars to check for recent highs/lows.
Liquidity Sensitivity (1.5): Volume multiplier for trap detection.
Institutional Flow (🏦):
Institutional Volume Multiplier (2.5): For detecting large volume spikes.
Institutional MA Period (21): For Accumulation/Distribution smoothing.
Nash Equilibrium (⚖️):
Nash Period (100): For calculating price mean and standard deviation.
Nash Deviation (0.02): Multiplier for equilibrium bands.
Risk Management (🛡️):
Use Stop-Loss (true): Enables SL at 2% below/above entry price.
Use Take-Profit (true): Enables TP at 5% above/below entry price.
b. Herd Behavior Detection
RSI (14): Checks for extreme conditions:
Overbought: RSI > 70 (potential herd buying).
Oversold: RSI < 30 (potential herd selling).
Volume Spike: Volume > SMA(20) x 2.0 (herd_threshold).
Momentum: Price change over 10 bars (close - close ) compared to its SMA(20).
Herd Signals:
Herd Buying: RSI > 70 + volume spike + positive momentum = Retail buying frenzy (red background).
Herd Selling: RSI < 30 + volume spike + negative momentum = Retail selling panic (green background).
c. Liquidity Trap Detection
Recent Highs/Lows: Calculated over 50 bars (liquidity_lookback).
Psychological Levels: Nearest round numbers (e.g., $100, $110) as potential stop-loss zones.
Trap Conditions:
Up Trap: Price breaks recent high, closes below it, with a volume spike (volume > SMA x 1.5).
Down Trap: Price breaks recent low, closes above it, with a volume spike.
Visualization: Traps are marked with small red/green crosses above/below bars.
d. Institutional Flow Analysis
Volume Check: Volume > SMA(20) x 2.5 (inst_volume_mult) = Institutional activity.
Accumulation/Distribution (AD):
Formula: ((close - low) - (high - close)) / (high - low) * volume, cumulated over time.
Smoothed with SMA(21) (inst_ma_length).
Accumulation: AD > MA + high volume = Institutions buying.
Distribution: AD < MA + high volume = Institutions selling.
Smart Money Index: (close - open) / (high - low) * volume, smoothed with SMA(20). Positive = Smart money buying.
e. Nash Equilibrium
Calculation:
Price mean: SMA(100) (nash_period).
Standard deviation: stdev(100).
Upper Nash: Mean + StdDev x 0.02 (nash_deviation).
Lower Nash: Mean - StdDev x 0.02.
Conditions:
Near Equilibrium: Price between upper and lower Nash bands (stable market).
Above Nash: Price > upper band (overbought, sell potential).
Below Nash: Price < lower band (oversold, buy potential).
Visualization: Orange line (mean), red/green lines (upper/lower bands).
f. Game Theory Signals
The strategy generates three types of signals, combined into long/short triggers:
Contrarian Signals:
Buy: Herd selling + (accumulation or down trap) = Go against retail panic.
Sell: Herd buying + (distribution or up trap).
Momentum Signals:
Buy: Below Nash + positive smart money + no herd buying.
Sell: Above Nash + negative smart money + no herd selling.
Nash Reversion Signals:
Buy: Below Nash + rising close (close > close ) + volume > MA.
Sell: Above Nash + falling close + volume > MA.
Final Signals:
Long Signal: Contrarian buy OR momentum buy OR Nash reversion buy.
Short Signal: Contrarian sell OR momentum sell OR Nash reversion sell.
g. Position Management
Position Sizing (Minimax Principle):
Default: 1.0 (10% of equity).
In Nash equilibrium: Reduced to 0.5 (conservative).
During institutional volume: Increased to 1.5 (aggressive).
Entries:
Long: If long_signal is true and no existing long position (strategy.position_size <= 0).
Short: If short_signal is true and no existing short position (strategy.position_size >= 0).
Exits:
Stop-Loss: If use_sl=true, set at 2% below/above entry price.
Take-Profit: If use_tp=true, set at 5% above/below entry price.
Pyramiding: Up to 3 concurrent positions allowed.
h. Visualization
Nash Bands: Orange (mean), red (upper), green (lower).
Background Colors:
Herd buying: Red (90% transparency).
Herd selling: Green.
Institutional volume: Blue.
Signals:
Contrarian buy/sell: Green/red triangles below/above bars.
Liquidity traps: Red/green crosses above/below bars.
Tables:
Game Theory Table (Top-Right):
Herd Behavior: Buying frenzy, selling panic, or normal.
Institutional Flow: Accumulation, distribution, or neutral.
Nash Equilibrium: In equilibrium, above, or below.
Liquidity Status: Trap detected or safe.
Position Suggestion: Long (green), Short (red), or Wait (gray).
Backtest Table (Bottom-Right):
Total Trades: Number of closed trades.
Win Rate: Percentage of winning trades.
Net Profit/Loss: In USD, colored green/red.
Profit Factor: Gross profit / gross loss.
Max Drawdown: Peak-to-trough equity drop (%).
Win/Loss Trades: Number of winning/losing trades.
Risk/Reward Ratio: Simplified Sharpe ratio (returns / drawdown).
Avg Win/Loss Ratio: Average win per trade / average loss per trade.
Last Update: Current time.
i. Backtesting Metrics
Tracks:
Total trades, winning/losing trades.
Win rate (%).
Net profit ($).
Profit factor (gross profit / gross loss).
Max drawdown (%).
Simplified Sharpe ratio (returns / drawdown).
Average win/loss ratio.
Updates metrics on each closed trade.
Displays a label on the last bar with backtest period, total trades, win rate, and net profit.
j. Alerts
No explicit alertconditions defined, but you can add them for long_signal and short_signal (e.g., alertcondition(long_signal, "GT Long Entry", "Long Signal Detected!")).
Use TradingView's alert system with Strategy Tester outputs.
3. Usage Tips
Timeframe: Best for H1-D1 timeframes. Shorter frames (M1-M15) may produce noisy signals.
Settings:
Risk Management: Adjust sl_percent (e.g., 1% for volatile markets) and tp_percent (e.g., 3% for scalping).
Herd Threshold: Increase to 2.5 for stricter herd detection in choppy markets.
Liquidity Lookback: Reduce to 20 for faster markets (e.g., crypto).
Nash Period: Increase to 200 for longer-term analysis.
Backtesting:
Use TradingView's Strategy Tester to evaluate performance.
Check win rate (>50%), profit factor (>1.5), and max drawdown (<20%) for viability.
Test on different assets/timeframes to ensure robustness.
Live Trading:
Start with a demo account.
Combine with other indicators (e.g., EMAs, support/resistance) for confirmation.
Monitor liquidity traps and institutional flow for context.
Risk Management:
Always use SL/TP to limit losses.
Adjust position_size for risk tolerance (e.g., 5% of equity for conservative trading).
Avoid over-leveraging (pyramiding=3 can amplify risk).
Troubleshooting:
If no trades are executed, check signal conditions (e.g., lower herd_threshold or liquidity_sensitivity).
Ensure sufficient historical data for Nash and liquidity calculations.
If tables overlap, adjust position.top_right/bottom_right coordinates.
4. Key Differences from the Previous Indicator
Indicator vs. Strategy: The previous code was an indicator (VP + Game Theory Integrated Strategy) focused on visualization and alerts. This is a strategy with automated entries/exits and backtesting.
Volume Profile: Absent in this strategy, making it lighter but less focused on high-volume zones.
Wick Analysis: Not included here, unlike the previous indicator's heavy reliance on wick patterns.
Backtesting: This strategy includes detailed performance metrics and a backtest table, absent in the indicator.
Simpler Signals: Focuses on Game Theory signals (contrarian, momentum, Nash reversion) without the "Power/Ultra Power" hierarchy.
Risk Management: Explicit SL/TP and dynamic position sizing, not present in the indicator.
5. Conclusion
The "Game Theory Trading Strategy" is a sophisticated system leveraging herd behavior, institutional flows, liquidity traps, and Nash equilibrium to trade market inefficiencies. It’s designed for traders who understand Game Theory principles and want automated execution with robust risk management. However, it requires thorough backtesting and parameter optimization for specific markets (e.g., forex, crypto, stocks). The backtest table and visual aids make it easy to monitor performance, but always combine with other analysis tools and proper capital management.
If you need help with backtesting, adding alerts, or optimizing parameters, let me know!
Absorption DetectorABSORPTION DETECTOR -
The Absorption Detector identifies institutional order flow by detecting "absorption" patterns where smart money quietly accumulates or distributes positions by absorbing retail order flow. This creates high-probability support and resistance zones for trading. This is an approximation only and does not read any footprint data.
WHAT IS ABSORPTION?
Absorption occurs when institutions take the opposite side of retail trades, creating specific candlestick patterns with high volume and significant wicks. The indicator identifies two main patterns:
SELLING ABSORPTION (P-Pattern): Red zones above candles where institutions sell into retail buying pressure, creating resistance levels. Look for high volume candles with large upper wicks that close in the lower half.
BUYING ABSORPTION (B-Pattern): Green zones below candles where institutions buy from retail selling pressure, creating support levels. Look for high volume candles with large lower wicks that close in the upper half.
KEY FEATURES
- Automatic detection of institutional absorption patterns
- Dynamic support and resistance zone creation
- Customizable styling for all visual elements
- Historic zone display for backtesting analysis
- Strength-based filtering to show only high-probability setups
- Real-time alerts for new absorption patterns
- Professional info panel with key statistics
- Multi-timeframe compatibility
MAIN SETTINGS
Volume Threshold (1.2): Minimum volume surge required compared to average. Higher values = fewer but stronger signals.
Minimum Volume (2500): Absolute volume floor to prevent signals during low-volume periods.
Min Wick Size (0.2): Minimum wick size as ATR multiple. Ensures significant rejection occurred.
Minimum Strength (1.5): Combined volume and wick strength filter. Higher values = higher quality signals.
Show Historic Zones (OFF): Enable to see all historical zones for backtesting. Disable for better performance.
Zone Extension (20): How many bars to project zones forward for anticipating future reactions.
TRADING APPROACH
ZONE REACTION STRATEGY: Wait for price to approach absorption zones and trade the bounce or rejection. Use the zones as dynamic support and resistance levels.
BREAKOUT STRATEGY: Trade decisive breaks of strong absorption zones with proper risk management. Failed zones often lead to strong moves.
CONFLUENCE TRADING: Combine absorption zones with other technical analysis for highest probability setups. Look for alignment with trend lines, Fibonacci levels, and key support/resistance.
RISK MANAGEMENT: Always use stop losses beyond the absorption zones. Target minimum 1:2 risk-reward ratios. Position size appropriately based on zone strength.
OPTIMIZATION GUIDE
For Conservative Trading (fewer, higher quality signals):
- Volume Threshold: 1.5
- Minimum Strength: 2.0
- Min Wick Size: 0.3
For Aggressive Trading (more signals, requires careful filtering):
- Volume Threshold: 1.1
- Minimum Strength: 1.0
- Min Wick Size: 0.15
BEST PRACTICES
Markets: Works best on liquid instruments with good volume - major forex pairs, popular stocks, liquid futures, and established cryptocurrencies.
Timeframes: Effective on all timeframes from 1-minute scalping to daily swing trading. Adjust settings based on your timeframe and trading style.
Confirmation: Never trade absorption signals in isolation. Always combine with trend analysis, market structure, and proper risk management.
Session Timing: Be aware of market sessions and avoid trading during low liquidity periods or major news events.
Backtesting: Use the historic zones feature to validate performance on your chosen market and timeframe before live trading.
CUSTOMIZATION
The indicator offers complete visual customization including zone colors, border styles, label appearances, and info panel positioning. All colors can be adapted to match your chart theme and personal preferences.
Alert system provides both basic and custom message alerts for real-time notifications of new absorption patterns.
PERFORMANCE NOTES
Default settings are optimized for most markets and timeframes. For best performance on older charts, keep "Show Historic Zones" disabled unless specifically backtesting.
The indicator maintains excellent performance even with extensive historical analysis enabled, handling up to 500 zones and 100 labels for comprehensive backtesting.
Zero Lag Trend Signals (MTF) [Quant Trading] V7Overview
The Zero Lag Trend Signals (MTF) V7 is a comprehensive trend-following strategy that combines Zero Lag Exponential Moving Average (ZLEMA) with volatility-based bands to identify high-probability trade entries and exits. This strategy is designed to reduce lag inherent in traditional moving averages while incorporating dynamic risk management through ATR-based stops and multiple exit mechanisms.
This is a longer term horizon strategy that takes limited trades. It is not a high frequency trading and therefore will also have limited data and not > 100 trades.
How It Works
Core Signal Generation:
The strategy uses a Zero Lag EMA (ZLEMA) calculated by applying an EMA to price data that has been adjusted for lag:
Calculate lag period: floor((length - 1) / 2)
Apply lag correction: src + (src - src )
Calculate ZLEMA: EMA of lag-corrected price
Volatility bands are created using the highest ATR over a lookback period multiplied by a band multiplier. These bands are added to and subtracted from the ZLEMA line to create upper and lower boundaries.
Trend Detection:
The strategy maintains a trend variable that switches between bullish (1) and bearish (-1):
Long Signal: Triggers when price crosses above ZLEMA + volatility band
Short Signal: Triggers when price crosses below ZLEMA - volatility band
Optional ZLEMA Trend Confirmation:
When enabled, this filter requires ZLEMA to show directional momentum before entry:
Bullish Confirmation: ZLEMA must increase for 4 consecutive bars
Bearish Confirmation: ZLEMA must decrease for 4 consecutive bars
This additional filter helps avoid false signals in choppy or ranging markets.
Risk Management Features:
The strategy includes multiple stop-loss and take-profit mechanisms:
Volatility-Based Stops: Default stop-loss is placed at ZLEMA ± volatility band
ATR-Based Stops: Dynamic stop-loss calculated as entry price ± (ATR × multiplier)
ATR Trailing Stop: Ratcheting stop-loss that follows price but never moves against position
Risk-Reward Profit Target: Take-profit level set as a multiple of stop distance
Break-Even Stop: Moves stop to entry price after reaching specified R:R ratio
Trend-Based Exit: Closes position when price crosses EMA in opposite direction
Performance Tracking:
The strategy includes optional features for monitoring and analyzing trades:
Floating Statistics Table: Displays key metrics including win rate, GOA (Gain on Account), net P&L, and max drawdown
Trade Log Labels: Shows entry/exit prices, P&L, bars held, and exit reason for each closed trade
CSV Export Fields: Outputs trade data for external analysis
Default Strategy Settings
Commission & Slippage:
Commission: 0.1% per trade
Slippage: 3 ticks
Initial Capital: $1,000
Position Size: 100% of equity per trade
Main Calculation Parameters:
Length: 70 (range: 70-7000) - Controls ZLEMA calculation period
Band Multiplier: 1.2 - Adjusts width of volatility bands
Entry Conditions (All Disabled by Default):
Use ZLEMA Trend Confirmation: OFF - Requires ZLEMA directional momentum
Re-Enter on Long Trend: OFF - Allows multiple entries during sustained trends
Short Trades:
Allow Short Trades: OFF - Strategy is long-only by default
Performance Settings (All Disabled by Default):
Use Profit Target: OFF
Profit Target Risk-Reward Ratio: 2.0 (when enabled)
Dynamic TP/SL (All Disabled by Default):
Use ATR-Based Stop-Loss & Take-Profit: OFF
ATR Length: 14
Stop-Loss ATR Multiplier: 1.5
Profit Target ATR Multiplier: 2.5
Use ATR Trailing Stop: OFF
Trailing Stop ATR Multiplier: 1.5
Use Break-Even Stop-Loss: OFF
Move SL to Break-Even After RR: 1.5
Use Trend-Based Take Profit: OFF
EMA Exit Length: 9
Trade Data Display (All Disabled by Default):
Show Floating Stats Table: OFF
Show Trade Log Labels: OFF
Enable CSV Export: OFF
Trade Label Vertical Offset: 0.5
Backtesting Date Range:
Start Date: January 1, 2018
End Date: December 31, 2069
Important Usage Notes
Default Configuration: The strategy operates in its most basic form with default settings - using only ZLEMA crossovers with volatility bands and volatility-based stop-losses. All advanced features must be manually enabled.
Stop-Loss Priority: If multiple stop-loss methods are enabled simultaneously, the strategy will use whichever condition is hit first. ATR-based stops override volatility-based stops when enabled.
Long-Only by Default: Short trading is disabled by default. Enable "Allow Short Trades" to trade both directions.
Performance Monitoring: Enable the floating stats table and trade log labels to visualize strategy performance during backtesting.
Exit Mechanisms: The strategy can exit trades through multiple methods: stop-loss hit, take-profit reached, trend reversal, or trailing stop activation. The trade log identifies which exit method was used.
Re-Entry Logic: When "Re-Enter on Long Trend" is enabled with ZLEMA trend confirmation, the strategy can take multiple long positions during extended uptrends as long as all entry conditions remain valid.
Capital Efficiency: Default setting uses 100% of equity per trade. Adjust "default_qty_value" to manage position sizing based on risk tolerance.
Realistic Backtesting: Strategy includes commission (0.1%) and slippage (3 ticks) to provide realistic performance expectations. These values should be adjusted based on your broker and market conditions.
Recommended Use Cases
Trending Markets: Best suited for markets with clear directional moves where trend-following strategies excel
Medium to Long-Term Trading: The default length of 70 makes this strategy more appropriate for swing trading rather than scalping
Risk-Conscious Traders: Multiple stop-loss options allow traders to customize risk management to their comfort level
Backtesting & Optimization: Comprehensive performance tracking features make this strategy ideal for testing different parameter combinations
Limitations & Considerations
Like all trend-following strategies, performance may suffer in choppy or ranging markets
Default 100% position sizing means full capital exposure per trade - consider reducing for conservative risk management
Higher length values (70+) reduce signal frequency but may improve signal quality
Multiple simultaneous risk management features may create conflicting exit signals
Past performance shown in backtests does not guarantee future results
Customization Tips
For more aggressive trading:
Reduce length parameter (minimum 70)
Decrease band multiplier for tighter bands
Enable short trades
Use lower profit target R:R ratios
For more conservative trading:
Increase length parameter
Enable ZLEMA trend confirmation
Use wider ATR stop-loss multipliers
Enable break-even stop-loss
Reduce position size from 100% default
For optimal choppy market performance:
Enable ZLEMA trend confirmation
Increase band multiplier
Use tighter profit targets
Avoid re-entry on trend continuation
Visual Elements
The strategy plots several elements on the chart:
ZLEMA line (color-coded by trend direction)
Upper and lower volatility bands
Long entry markers (green triangles)
Short entry markers (red triangles, when enabled)
Stop-loss levels (when positions are open)
Take-profit levels (when enabled and positions are open)
Trailing stop lines (when enabled and positions are open)
Optional ZLEMA trend markers (triangles at highs/lows)
Optional trade log labels showing complete trade information
Exit Reason Codes (for CSV Export)
When CSV export is enabled, exit reasons are coded as:
0 = Manual/Other
1 = Trailing Stop-Loss
2 = Profit Target
3 = ATR Stop-Loss
4 = Trend Change
Conclusion
Zero Lag Trend Signals V7 provides a robust framework for trend-following with extensive customization options. The strategy balances simplicity in its core logic with sophisticated risk management features, making it suitable for both beginner and advanced traders. By reducing moving average lag while incorporating volatility-based signals, it aims to capture trends earlier while managing risk through multiple configurable exit mechanisms.
The modular design allows traders to start with basic trend-following and progressively add complexity through ZLEMA confirmation, multiple stop-loss methods, and advanced exit strategies. Comprehensive performance tracking and export capabilities make this strategy an excellent tool for systematic testing and optimization.
Note: This strategy is provided for educational and backtesting purposes. All trading involves risk. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Always test thoroughly with paper trading before risking real capital, and adjust position sizing and risk parameters according to your risk tolerance and account size.
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TAGS:
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trend following, ZLEMA, zero lag, volatility bands, ATR stops, risk management, swing trading, momentum, trend confirmation, backtesting
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CATEGORY:
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Strategies
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CHART SETUP RECOMMENDATIONS:
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For optimal visualization when publishing:
Use a clean chart with no other indicators overlaid
Select a timeframe that shows multiple trade signals (4H or Daily recommended)
Choose a trending asset (crypto, forex major pairs, or trending stocks work well)
Show at least 6-12 months of data to demonstrate strategy across different market conditions
Enable the floating stats table to display key performance metrics
Ensure all indicator lines (ZLEMA, bands, stops) are clearly visible
Use the default chart type (candlesticks) - avoid Heikin Ashi, Renko, etc.
Make sure symbol information and timeframe are clearly visible
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COMPLIANCE NOTES:
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✅ Open-source publication with complete code visibility
✅ English-only title and description
✅ Detailed explanation of methodology and calculations
✅ Realistic commission (0.1%) and slippage (3 ticks) included
✅ All default parameters clearly documented
✅ Performance limitations and risks disclosed
✅ No unrealistic claims about performance
✅ No guaranteed results promised
✅ Appropriate for public library (original trend-following implementation with ZLEMA)
✅ Educational disclaimers included
✅ All features explained in detail
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Asset Rotation System [InvestorUnknown]Overview
This system creates a comprehensive trend "matrix" by analyzing the performance of six assets against both the US Dollar and each other. The objective is to identify and hold the asset that is currently outperforming all others, thereby focusing on maintaining an investment in the most "optimal" asset at any given time.
- - - Key Features - - -
1. Trend Classification:
The system evaluates the trend for each of the six assets, both individually against USD and in pairs (assetX/assetY), to determine which asset is currently outperforming others.
Utilizes five distinct trend indicators: RSI (50 crossover), CCI, SuperTrend, DMI, and Parabolic SAR.
Users can customize the trend analysis by selecting all indicators or choosing a single one via the "Trend Classification Method" input setting.
2. Backtesting:
Calculates an equity curve for each asset and for the system itself, which assumes holding only the asset deemed optimal at any time.
Customizable start date for backtesting; by default, it begins either 5000 bars ago (the maximum in TradingView) or at the inception of the youngest asset included, whichever is shorter. If the youngest asset's history exceeds 5000 bars, the system uses 5000 bars to prevent errors.
The equity curve is dynamically colored based on the asset held at each point, with this coloring also reflected on the chart via barcolor().
Performance metrics like returns, standard deviation of returns, Sharpe, Sortino, and Omega ratios, along with maximum drawdown, are computed for each asset and the system's equity curve.
3 Alerts:
Supports alerts for when a new, confirmed optimal asset is identified. However, due to TradingView limitations, the specific asset cannot be included in the alert message.
- - - Usage - - -
1. Select Assets/Tickers:
Choose which assets or tickers you want to include in the rotation system. Ensure that all selected tickers are denominated in USD to maintain consistency in analysis.
2. Configure Trend Classification:
Decide on the trend classification method from the available options (RSI, CCI, SuperTrend, DMI, or Parabolic SAR, All) and adjust the settings to your preferences. This customization allows you to tailor the system to different market conditions or your specific trading strategy.
3. Utilize Backtesting for Calibration:
Use the backtesting results, including equity curves and performance metrics, to fine-tune your chosen trend indicators.
Be cautious not to overemphasize performance maximization, as this can lead to overfitting. The goal is to achieve a robust system that performs well across various market conditions, rather than just optimizing for past data.
- - - Parameters - - -
Tickers:
Asset 1: Select the symbol for the first asset.
Asset 2: Select the symbol for the second asset.
Asset 3: Select the symbol for the third asset.
Asset 4: Select the symbol for the fourth asset.
Asset 5: Select the symbol for the fifth asset.
Asset 6: Select the symbol for the sixth asset.
General Settings:
Trend Classification Method: Choose from RSI, CCI, SuperTrend, DMI, PSAR, or "All" to determine how trends are analyzed.
Use Custom Starting Date for Backtest: Toggle to use a custom date for beginning the backtest.
Custom Starting Date: Set the custom start date for backtesting.
Plot Perf. Metrics Table: Option to display performance metrics in a table on the chart.
RSI (Relative Strength Index):
RSI Source: Choose the price data source for RSI calculation.
RSI Length: Set the period for the RSI calculation.
CCI (Commodity Channel Index):
CCI Source: Select the price data source for CCI calculation.
CCI Length: Determine the period for the CCI.
SuperTrend:
SuperTrend Factor: Adjust the sensitivity of the SuperTrend indicator.
SuperTrend Length: Set the period for the SuperTrend calculation.
DMI (Directional Movement Index):
DMI Length: Define the period for DMI calculations.
Parabolic SAR:
PSAR Start: Initial acceleration factor for the Parabolic SAR.
PSAR Increment: Increment value for the acceleration factor.
PSAR Max Value: Maximum value the acceleration factor can reach.
Notes/Recommendations:
While this system is operational, it's important to recognize that it relies on "basic" indicators, which may not be ideal for generating trading signals on their own. I strongly suggest that users delve into the code to grasp the underlying logic of the system. Consider customizing it by integrating more sophisticated and higher-quality trend-following indicators to enhance its performance and reliability.
Disclaimer:
This system's backtest results are historical and do not predict future performance. Use for educational purposes only; not investment advice.
Intraday Session Levels: Pre-Mkt, 5m, 15m (Replay/Toggle/Labels)Intraday Session Levels: Pre-Mkt, 5m, 15m (Replay/Toggle/Labels)
Version v1.0
Live session levels for every trader!
This indicator automatically tracks and draws the most actionable intraday levels as they develop—live in real-time and fully compatible with TradingView’s bar replay and backtesting.
How it works:
Pre-Market High & Low:
Levels appear and update live as soon as the pre-market session starts (4:00am ET), then “freeze” at the official open (9:30am ET) and remain visible for the rest of the day.
First 5-Minute Candle High/Low:
Drawn instantly after the first 5-minute candle (9:30–9:35am ET) completes.
First 15-Minute Candle High/Low:
Drawn right after the first 15-minute candle (9:30–9:45am ET) completes.
Labels on every line
Each level is clearly labeled on your chart (“PreMkt High”, “5m Low”, “15m High”, etc).
Perfect for backtesting:
All levels display exactly as they would have appeared in real time, making this indicator fully bar replay and historical test compatible.
Flexible ON/OFF toggles:
Instantly show or hide Pre-Mkt, 5m, and 15m levels via the settings panel.
Why use it?
Identify support/resistance and key reaction zones intraday
Fade or break the opening range with confidence
Backtest your strategies with accurate historical context
Reduce chart clutter with customizable, minimal visuals
Whether you’re a scalper, day trader, or backtest enthusiast, this tool keeps your charts focused and your edge sharp.
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