Liquidity PeaksThe "Liquidity Peaks" indicator is a tool designed to identify significant supply and demand zones based on volumetric analysis. It analyzes the volume profile within a specified lookback range to pinpoint the most volumetric point and draw corresponding zones on the price chart.
The 𝐋𝐢𝐪. 𝐏𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐬 indicator utilizes volume data to identify key supply and demand areas on the price chart. By examining the volume profile within a defined lookback range, it highlights three distinct zones: liquidity grab, volume containment, and the most volumetric point.
Zones and their meanings:
Liquidity grab (Orange box): This zone represents a price level where there is a significant swipe of the previous demand zone within the volume range. It indicates a potential shift in market sentiment and serves as a key supply or demand area.
Volume containment (Gray box): This zone displays the area of volume contained before the peak in volume. It provides insights into the range where buying or selling pressure was concentrated, highlighting potential support or resistance levels.
Most volumetric point (Light blue box): This zone represents the point within the lookback range that exhibits the highest volume. It signifies a significant area of market interest and indicates a potential supply or demand level.
Adjustable options:
Adjust liquidity Grab: This option allows you to adjust the size of the boxes. When enabled, the box size is set to twice the size of the high or low of the candle's wick. This adjustment enhances the visibility and accuracy of identifying swipes at specific price levels.
Show origin: Enabling this option ensures that the liquidity boxes are drawn from the wick they were created from. This provides a clear visual reference to the specific candle and highlights the liquidity levels associated with it.
Utility:
The 𝐋𝐢𝐪. 𝐏𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐬 indicator is a valuable tool for traders and investors seeking to identify significant supply and demand zones in the market. By analyzing volume data and drawing corresponding zones on the chart, it helps to pinpoint areas where buying or selling pressure is likely to emerge.
Traders can utilize this information to identify potential support and resistance levels, plan their entries and exits, and make more informed trading decisions. The liquidity grab zones can act as potential reversal or breakout points, while the volume containment zones and most volumetric points provide insights into areas of high market interest.
It is important to note that this indicator should be used in conjunction with other technical analysis tools and indicators to confirm trading signals and validate market dynamics.
Example Charts:
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CVD - Cumulative Volume Delta (Chart)█ OVERVIEW
This indicator displays cumulative volume delta (CVD) as an on-chart oscillator. It uses intrabar analysis to obtain more precise volume delta information compared to methods that only use the chart's timeframe.
The core concepts in this script come from our first CVD indicator , which displays CVD values as plot candles in a separate indicator pane. In this script, CVD values are scaled according to price ranges and represented on the main chart pane.
█ CONCEPTS
Bar polarity
Bar polarity refers to the position of the close price relative to the open price. In other words, bar polarity is the direction of price change.
Intrabars
Intrabars are chart bars at a lower timeframe than the chart's. Each 1H chart bar of a 24x7 market will, for example, usually contain 60 bars at the lower timeframe of 1min, provided there was market activity during each minute of the hour. Mining information from intrabars can be useful in that it offers traders visibility on the activity inside a chart bar.
Lower timeframes (LTFs)
A lower timeframe is a timeframe that is smaller than the chart's timeframe. This script utilizes a LTF to analyze intrabars, or price changes within a chart bar. The lower the LTF, the more intrabars are analyzed, but the less chart bars can display information due to the limited number of intrabars that can be analyzed.
Volume delta
Volume delta is a measure that separates volume into "up" and "down" parts, then takes the difference to estimate the net demand for the asset. This approach gives traders a more detailed insight when analyzing volume and market sentiment. There are several methods for determining whether an asset's volume belongs in the "up" or "down" category. Some indicators, such as On Balance Volume and the Klinger Oscillator , use the change in price between bars to assign volume values to the appropriate category. Others, such as Chaikin Money Flow , make assumptions based on open, high, low, and close prices. The most accurate method involves using tick data to determine whether each transaction occurred at the bid or ask price and assigning the volume value to the appropriate category accordingly. However, this method requires a large amount of data on historical bars, which can limit the historical depth of charts and the number of symbols for which tick data is available.
In the context where historical tick data is not yet available on TradingView, intrabar analysis is the most precise technique to calculate volume delta on historical bars on our charts. This indicator uses intrabar analysis to achieve a compromise between simplicity and accuracy in calculating volume delta on historical bars. Our Volume Profile indicators use it as well. Other volume delta indicators in our Community Scripts , such as the Realtime 5D Profile , use real-time chart updates to achieve more precise volume delta calculations. However, these indicators aren't suitable for analyzing historical bars since they only work for real-time analysis.
This is the logic we use to assign intrabar volume to the "up" or "down" category:
• If the intrabar's open and close values are different, their relative position is used.
• If the intrabar's open and close values are the same, the difference between the intrabar's close and the previous intrabar's close is used.
• As a last resort, when there is no movement during an intrabar and it closes at the same price as the previous intrabar, the last known polarity is used.
Once all intrabars comprising a chart bar are analyzed, we calculate the net difference between "up" and "down" intrabar volume to produce the volume delta for the chart bar.
█ FEATURES
CVD resets
The "cumulative" part of the indicator's name stems from the fact that calculations accumulate during a period of time. By periodically resetting the volume delta accumulation, we can analyze the progression of volume delta across manageable chunks, which is often more useful than looking at volume delta accumulated from the beginning of a chart's history.
You can configure the reset period using the "CVD Resets" input, which offers the following selections:
• None : Calculations do not reset.
• On a fixed higher timeframe : Calculations reset on the higher timeframe you select in the "Fixed higher timeframe" field.
• At a fixed time that you specify.
• At the beginning of the regular session .
• On trend changes : Calculations reset on the direction change of either the Aroon indicator, Parabolic SAR , or Supertrend .
• On a stepped higher timeframe : Calculations reset on a higher timeframe automatically stepped using the chart's timeframe and following these rules:
Chart TF HTF
< 1min 1H
< 3H 1D
<= 12H 1W
< 1W 1M
>= 1W 1Y
Specifying intrabar precision
Ten options are included in the script to control the number of intrabars used per chart bar for calculations. The greater the number of intrabars per chart bar, the fewer chart bars can be analyzed.
The first five options allow users to specify the approximate amount of chart bars to be covered:
• Least Precise (Most chart bars) : Covers all chart bars by dividing the current timeframe by four.
This ensures the highest level of intrabar precision while achieving complete coverage for the dataset.
• Less Precise (Some chart bars) & More Precise (Less chart bars) : These options calculate a stepped LTF in relation to the current chart's timeframe.
• Very precise (2min intrabars) : Uses the second highest quantity of intrabars possible with the 2min LTF.
• Most precise (1min intrabars) : Uses the maximum quantity of intrabars possible with the 1min LTF.
The stepped lower timeframe for "Less Precise" and "More Precise" options is calculated from the current chart's timeframe as follows:
Chart Timeframe Lower Timeframe
Less Precise More Precise
< 1hr 1min 1min
< 1D 15min 1min
< 1W 2hr 30min
> 1W 1D 60min
The last five options allow users to specify an approximate fixed number of intrabars to analyze per chart bar. The available choices are 12, 24, 50, 100, and 250. The script will calculate the LTF which most closely approximates the specified number of intrabars per chart bar. Keep in mind that due to factors such as the length of a ticker's sessions and rounding of the LTF, it is not always possible to produce the exact number specified. However, the script will do its best to get as close to the value as possible.
As there is a limit to the number of intrabars that can be analyzed by a script, a tradeoff occurs between the number of intrabars analyzed per chart bar and the chart bars for which calculations are possible.
Display
This script displays raw or cumulative volume delta values on the chart as either line or histogram oscillator zones scaled according to the price chart, allowing traders to visualize volume activity on each bar or cumulatively over time. The indicator's background shows where CVD resets occur, demarcating the beginning of new zones. The vertical axis of each oscillator zone is scaled relative to the one with the highest price range, and the oscillator values are scaled relative to the highest volume delta. A vertical offset is applied to each oscillator zone so that the highest oscillator value aligns with the lowest price. This method ensures an accurate, intuitive visual comparison of volume activity within zones, as the scale is consistent across the chart, and oscillator values sit below prices. The vertical scale of oscillator zones can be adjusted using the "Zone Height" input in the script settings.
This script displays labels at the highest and lowest oscillator values in each zone, which can be enabled using the "Hi/Lo Labels" input in the "Visuals" section of the script settings. Additionally, the oscillator's value on a chart bar is displayed as a tooltip when a user hovers over the bar, which can be enabled using the "Value Tooltips" input.
Divergences occur when the polarity of volume delta does not match that of the chart bar. The script displays divergences as bar colors and background colors that can be enabled using the "Color bars on divergences" and "Color background on divergences" inputs.
An information box in the lower-left corner of the indicator displays the HTF used for resets, the LTF used for intrabars, the average quantity of intrabars per chart bar, and the number of chart bars for which there is LTF data. This is enabled using the "Show information box" input in the "Visuals" section of the script settings.
FOR Pine Script™ CODERS
• This script utilizes `ltf()` and `ltfStats()` from the lower_tf library.
The `ltf()` function determines the appropriate lower timeframe from the selected calculation mode and chart timeframe, and returns it in a format that can be used with request.security_lower_tf() .
The `ltfStats()` function, on the other hand, is used to compute and display statistical information about the lower timeframe in an information box.
• The script utilizes display.data_window and display.status_line to restrict the display of certain plots.
These new built-ins allow coders to fine-tune where a script’s plot values are displayed.
• The newly added session.isfirstbar_regular built-in allows for resetting the CVD segments at the start of the regular session.
• The VisibleChart library developed by our resident PineCoders team leverages the chart.left_visible_bar_time and chart.right_visible_bar_time variables to optimize the performance of this script.
These variables identify the opening time of the leftmost and rightmost visible bars on the chart, allowing the script to recalculate and draw objects only within the range of visible bars as the user scrolls.
This functionality also enables the scaling of the oscillator zones.
These variables are just a couple of the many new built-ins available in the chart.* namespace.
For more information, check out this blog post or look them up by typing "chart." in the Pine Script™ Reference Manual .
• Our ta library has undergone significant updates recently, including the incorporation of the `aroon()` indicator used as a method for resetting CVD segments within this script.
Revisit the library to see more of the newly added content!
Look first. Then leap.
Weekly Stock Trend Trading Tool// Created by TheBullTrader, 2017.
// Hi everyone, welcome to my Weekly Trend Trading Tool with the 50 day and 200 day moving averages
// This indicator scores each stock/ index individually and scores them on a simple scale -1.5 to +1.5
// This indicator has 2 zones: green zone = bullish, and red zone = bearish
// There are 3 plots: green = 50 day sma, red = 200 day sma, and trend signal= teal
// Buying Signal is when the green plot crosses teal plot or AGGRESSIVE Buy = green plot beginning to curve up from bearish zone.
// Sell Signal is when the green plot enters the RED ZONE
// By using this indicator as described, it will help you pick stock bottoms and COULD GET YOU OUT OF A STOCK CRASH!
// Recommendations is to scan this indicator against the top 100 US stocks with a long stock history greater than 10 years.
// I usually find 5-10 really good deals every few months. Slow and Easy way to build wealth. **Thanks for reading**
MTF Bollinger Bands (2SD & 3SD)
개요
1분봉이나 5분봉 등 하위 타임프레임에서 스캘핑을 할 때, 차트를 변경하지 않고 상위 타임프레임(기본 4시간)의 볼린저 밴드 위치를 확인하기 위해 제작했습니다.
주요 기능
MTF (Multi-Timeframe): 현재 보고 있는 차트와 상관없이 설정한 타임프레임의 볼린저 밴드를 표시합니다. (기본값: 4시간)
듀얼 밴드 시각화 (Dual Zone): 표준편차 2(2SD)와 표준편차 3(3SD)을 동시에 계산합니다.
2SD 영역: 2SD와 3SD의 배경색이 겹치도록 설계하여, 중심부(2SD)가 시각적으로 더 진하게 보입니다. 이는 주요 지지/저항 구간을 직관적으로 보여줍니다.
3SD 영역: 외곽은 연하게 표시되어 과매수/과매도 구간을 식별하기 좋습니다.
끊김 없는 라인: gaps_off 처리를 통해 타임프레임 변경 시 선이 끊기지 않고 부드럽게 연결됩니다.
설정 가이드
Timeframe: 기준이 될 상위 시간대를 선택하세요. (기본: 240분/4시간)
Multiplier: 표준편차 배수를 변경할 수 있습니다. (기본: 2.0 / 3.0)
Transparency: 배경 투명도를 조절해 밴드의 진하기를 변경하세요.
==========================================
Overview
Designed for traders who need to monitor Higher Timeframe (HTF) volatility while scalping on Lower Timeframes (LTF). This indicator overlays HTF Bollinger Bands on your current chart without the need to switch tabs.
Key Features
MTF Capability: Displays Bollinger Bands from any user-defined timeframe. (Default: 4 Hours).
Dual Zone Visualization: Plots both 2 Standard Deviations (2SD) and 3 Standard Deviations (3SD).
Visual Depth: The script utilizes an overlapping fill method. The inner 2SD band appears darker as it layers on top of the 3SD background, clearly highlighting the primary support/resistance zone.
Extreme Zones: The outer 3SD band remains lighter, indicating extreme overbought/oversold conditions.
Seamless Plotting: Uses gaps_off to ensure lines remain continuous across different timeframes.
Settings
Timeframe: Select the target HTF. (Default: 240 / 4H)
Multiplier: Adjust the standard deviation multipliers. (Default: 2.0 & 3.0)
Style: Customize colors and transparency to fit your chart theme.
Amihud Illiquidity Ratio [MarkitTick]💡This indicator implements the Amihud Illiquidity Ratio, a financial metric designed to measure the price impact of trading volume. It assesses the relationship between absolute price returns and the volume required to generate that return, providing traders with insight into the "stress" levels of the market liquidity.
Concept and Originality
Standard volume indicators often look at volume in isolation. This script differentiates itself by contextualizing volume against price movement. It answers the question: "How much did the price move per unit of volume?" Furthermore, unlike static indicators, this implementation utilizes dynamic percentile zones (Linear Interpolation) to adapt to the changing volatility profile of the specific asset you are viewing.
Methodology
The calculation proceeds in three distinct steps:
1. Daily Return: The script calculates the absolute percentage change of the closing price relative to the previous close.
2. Raw Ratio: The absolute return is divided by the volume. I have introduced a standard scaling factor (1,000,000) to the calculation. This resolves the issue of the values being astronomically small (displayed as roughly 0) without altering the fundamental logic of the Amihud ratio (Absolute Return / Volume).
- High Ratio: Indicates that price is moving significantly on low volume (Illiquid/Thin Order Book).
- Low Ratio: Indicates that price requires massive volume to move (Liquid/Deep Order Book).
3. Dynamic Regimes: The script calculates the 75th and 25th percentiles of the ratio over a lookback period. This creates adaptive bands that define "High Stress" and "Liquid" zones relative to recent history.
How to Use
Traders can use this tool to identify market fragility:
- High Stress Zone (Red Background): When the indicator crosses above the 75th percentile, the market is in a High Illiquidity Regime. Price is slipping easily. This is often observed during panic selling or volatile tops where the order book is thin.
- Liquid Zone (Green Background): When the indicator drops below the 25th percentile, the market is in a Liquid Regime. The market is absorbing volume well, which is often characteristic of stable trends or accumulation phases.
- Dashboard: A visual table on the chart displays the current Amihud Ratio and the active Market Regime (High Stress, Normal, or Liquid).
Inputs
- Calculation Period: The lookback length for the average illiquidity (Default: 20).
- Smoothing Period: The length of the additional moving average to smooth out noise (Default: 5).
- Show Quant Dashboard: Toggles the visibility of the on-screen information table.
● How to read this chart
• Spike in Illiquidity (Red Zones)
Price is moving on "thin air." Expect high volatility or potential reversals.
• Low Illiquidity (Green/Stable Zones)
The market is deep and liquid. Trends here are more sustainable and reliable.
• Divergence
Watch for price making new highs while liquidity is drying up—a classic sign of an exhausted trend.
Example:
● Chart Overview
The chart displays the Amihud Illiquidity indicator applied to a Gold (XAUUSD) 4-hour timeframe.
Top Pane: Price action with manual text annotations highlighting market reversals relative to liquidity zones.
Bottom Pane: The specific technical indicator defined in the logic. It features a Blue Line (Raw Illiquidity), a Red Line (Signal/Smoothed), and dynamic background coloring (Red and Green vertical strips).
● Deep Visual Analysis
• High Stress Regime (Red Zones)
Visual Event: In the bottom pane, the background periodically shifts to a translucent red.
Technical Logic: This event is triggered when the amihudAvg (the smoothed illiquidity ratio) exceeds the 75th percentile ( hZone ) of the lookback period.
Forensic Interpretation: The logic calculates the absolute price change relative to volume. A spike into the red zone indicates that price is moving significantly on relatively lower volume (high price impact). Visually, the chart shows these red zones aligning with local price peaks (volatility expansion), leading to the bearish reversal marked by the red box in the top pane.
• Liquid Regime (Green Zones)
Visual Event: The background shifts to a translucent green in the bottom pane.
Technical Logic: This triggers when the amihudAvg falls below the 25th percentile ( lZone ).
Forensic Interpretation: This state represents a period where large volumes are absorbed with minimal price impact (efficiency). On the chart, this green zone corresponds to the consolidation trough (green box, top pane), validating the annotated accumulation phase before the bullish breakout.
• Indicator Lines
Blue Line: This is the illiquidityRaw value. It represents the raw daily return divided by volume.
Red Line: This is the smoothedVal , a Simple Moving Average (SMA) of the raw data, used to filter out noise and define the trend of liquidity stress.
● Anomalies & Critical Data
• The Reversal Pivot
The transition from the "High Stress" (Red) background to the "Liquid" (Green) background serves as a visual proxy for market regime change. The chart shows that as the Red zones dissipate (volatility contraction), the market enters a Green zone (efficient liquidity), which acted as the precursor to the sustained upward trend on the right side of the chart.
● About Yakov Amihud
Yakov Amihud is a leading researcher in market liquidity and asset pricing.
• Brief Background
Professor of Finance, affiliated with New York University (NYU).
Specializes in market microstructure, liquidity, and quantitative finance.
His work has had a major impact on both academic research and practical investment models.
● The Amihud (2002) Paper
In 2002, he published his influential paper: “Illiquidity and Stock Returns: Cross-Section and Time-Series Effects” .
• Key Contributions
Introduced the Amihud Illiquidity Measure, a simple yet powerful proxy for market liquidity.
Demonstrated that less liquid stocks tend to earn higher expected returns as compensation for liquidity risk.
The measure became one of the most widely used liquidity metrics in finance research.
● Why It Matters in Practice
Used in quantitative trading models.
Applied in portfolio construction and risk management.
Helpful as a liquidity filter to avoid assets with excessive price impact.
In short: Yakov Amihud established a practical and robust link between liquidity and returns, making his 2002 work a cornerstone in modern financial economics.
Disclaimer: All provided scripts and indicators are strictly for educational exploration and must not be interpreted as financial advice or a recommendation to execute trades. I expressly disclaim all liability for any financial losses or damages that may result, directly or indirectly, from the reliance on or application of these tools. Market participation carries inherent risk where past performance never guarantees future returns, leaving all investment decisions and due diligence solely at your own discretion.
Z-Score & StatsThis is an advanced indicator that measures price deviation from its mean using statistical z-scores, combined with multiple analytical features for trading signals.
Core Functionality-
Z-Score Calculation Engine:
The indicator uses a custom standardization function that calculates how many standard deviations the current price is from its rolling mean. Unlike simple moving averages, this provides a normalized view of price extremes. The calculation maintains a sliding window of data points, efficiently updating mean and variance values as new data arrives while removing old data points. This approach handles missing values gracefully and uses sample variance (rather than population variance) for more accurate statistical measurements.
Statistical Zones & Visual Framework:
The indicator creates a visual representation of statistical probability zones:
±1 Standard Deviation: Encompasses about 68% of normal price behavior (green zone)
±2 Standard Deviations: Covers approximately 95% of price movements (orange zone)
±3 Standard Deviations: Represents 99.7% probability range (red zone)
±3.5 and ±4 Thresholds: Extreme outlier levels that trigger special alerts
The z-score line changes color dynamically based on which zone it occupies, making it easy to identify the current market extremity at a glance.
Advanced Features:
Volume Contraction Analysis
The script monitors volume patterns to identify periods of reduced trading activity. It compares current volume against a moving average and flags when volume drops below a specified threshold (default 70%). Volume contraction often precedes significant price moves and is factored into the optimal entry detection system.
Momentum-Based Direction Model:
Rather than just showing current z-score levels, the indicator projects where the z-score is likely to move based on recent momentum. It calculates the rate of change in the z-score and extrapolates forward for a specified number of bars. This creates a directional arrow that indicates whether conditions are bullish (negative z-score with upward momentum) or bearish (positive z-score with downward momentum).
Divergence Detection System:
The script automatically identifies four types of divergences between price action and z-score behavior :-
Regular Bullish Divergence: Price makes lower lows while z-score makes higher lows, suggesting weakening downward pressure
Regular Bearish Divergence: Price makes higher highs while z-score makes lower highs, indicating exhaustion in the uptrend
Hidden Bullish Divergence: Price makes higher lows while z-score makes lower lows, confirming trend continuation in an uptrend
Hidden Bearish Divergence: Price makes lower highs while z-score makes higher highs, confirming downtrend continuation
The system uses pivot detection with configurable lookback periods and distance requirements, then draws connecting lines and labels directly on the chart when divergences occur.
Yearly Statistics Tracking:
The indicator maintains historical records of maximum z-score deviations over yearly periods (configurable bar count). This provides context by showing whether current extremes are unusual compared to typical annual ranges. The average yearly maximum helps traders understand if the current market is exhibiting normal volatility or exceptional conditions.
Mean Reversion Probability:
Based on the current z-score magnitude, the indicator calculates and displays the statistical probability that price will revert toward the mean. Higher absolute z-scores indicate stronger mean reversion probabilities, ranging from 38% at ±0.5 standard deviations to 99.7% at ±3 standard deviations.
Comprehensive Statistics Table:
A customizable on-chart table displays real-time statistics including:
Current z-score value with directional indicator
Predicted z-score based on momentum
Current year's maximum absolute z-score
Historical average yearly maximum
Mean reversion probability percentage
Zone status classification (Normal, Moderate, High, Extreme)
Directional bias (Bullish, Bearish, Neutral)
Active divergence status
Volume contraction status with ratio
Optimal setup detection (combining extreme z-scores with volume contraction)
Optimal Entry Setup Detection:
The most sophisticated feature identifies high-probability trading setups by combining multiple factors. An "Optimal Long" signal triggers when z-score reaches -3.5 or below AND volume is contracted. An "Optimal Short" signal appears when z-score exceeds +3.5 AND volume is contracted. This combination suggests extreme price deviation occurring on low volume, often preceding strong reversals.
Alert System:
The script includes a unified alert mechanism that triggers when z-score crosses specific thresholds:
Crossing above/below ±3.5 standard deviations (extreme levels)
Crossing above/below ±4 standard deviations (critical levels)
Alerts fire once per bar with confirmation (previous bar must be on opposite side of threshold) to avoid false signals.
Practical Application:
This indicator is designed for mean reversion traders who seek statistically significant price extremes. The combination of z-score measurement, volume analysis, momentum projection, and divergence detection creates a multi-layered confirmation system. Traders can use extreme z-scores as potential reversal zones, while the direction model and divergence signals help time entries more precisely. The volume contraction filter adds an additional layer of confluence, identifying moments when reduced participation may precede explosive moves back toward the mean.
Chart Attached: NSE GMR Airports, EoD 12/12/25
DISCLAIMER: This information is provided for educational purposes only and should not be considered financial, investment, or trading advice.Happy Trading
Box TheoryBox Theory – Description
This indicator is based on the popular “Box Theory” concept, where the previous session’s High–Low range acts as the most important structure for the next session.
Traders use this because the market often reacts to the same areas where liquidity, orders, and imbalances were created in the prior session.
At every new session open, the indicator automatically records:
Previous High
Previous Low
Middle (50% level)
These three levels form a box, which becomes your roadmap for the new session.
This method is widely used because it highlights where most reversals, sweeps, and reactions occur—without needing any extra indicators.
How the Zones Are Calculated
Previous High
The highest price of the last session.
This forms the top edge, which acts as resistance and the basis for the Sell Zone.
Previous Low
The lowest price of the last session.
This forms the bottom edge, acting as support and the basis for the Buy Zone.
Middle Line (50% Level)
The exact midpoint between High and Low.
This is the fair-value zone, where price often consolidates and becomes directionless.
No signals are triggered near the middle, because trades taken here historically have low accuracy.
Buy Zone (Green Area)
The lower part of the box.
Price often reacts here because this area held buyers in the previous session.
When price enters this green zone inside the box, the indicator can show a Buy Zone label.
Sell Zone (Red Area)
The upper part of the box.
Price commonly rejects here because this area acted as resistance previously.
When price enters this red zone inside the box, the indicator can show a Sell Zone label.
How Zone Size Is Set (Sensitivity %)
You can adjust how big the Buy/Sell zones are using the Sensitivity (%) input.
Lower % → Smaller zones → More precise signals
Higher % → Larger zones → Signals appear earlier and from farther away
Formula:
Zone Size = (Previous High − Previous Low) × (Sensitivity % ÷ 100)
This lets you customize how tight or how early your signals appear.
Inside-Box Only Logic
The indicator only works inside the previous session’s range.
If price breaks above the previous High → No sell signal
If price breaks below the previous Low → No buy signal
This avoids false signals during breakouts or trending markets.
Alerts
The indicator includes two alerts:
Buy Zone Alert → Triggers when price enters the Buy Zone
Sell Zone Alert → Triggers when price enters the Sell Zone
Just enable them in TradingView’s alert panel.
Open Interest RSI [BackQuant]Open Interest RSI
A multi-venue open interest oscillator that aggregates OI across major derivatives exchanges, converts it to coin or USD terms, and runs an RSI-style engine on that aggregated OI so you can track positioning pressure, crowding, and mean reversion in leverage flows, not just in price.
What this is
This tool is an RSI built on top of aggregated open interest instead of price. It pulls futures OI from several major exchanges, converts it into a unified unit (COIN or USD), sums it into a single synthetic OI candle, then applies RSI and smoothing to that combined series.
You can then render that Open Interest RSI in different visual modes:
Clean line or colored line for classic oscillator-style reads.
Column-style oscillator for impulse and compression views.
Flag mode that fills between OI RSI and its EMA for trend/mean reversion blends. See:
Heatmap mode that paints the panel based on OI RSI extremes, ideal for scanning. See:
On top of that it includes:
Aggregated OI source selection (Binance, Bybit, OKX, Bitget, Kraken, HTX, Deribit).
Choice of OI units (COIN or USD).
Reference lines and OB/OS zones.
Extreme highlighting for either trend or mean reversion.
A vertical OI RSI meter that acts as a quick strength gauge.
Aggregated open interest source
Under the hood, the indicator builds a synthetic open interest candle by:
Looping over a list of supported exchanges: Binance, Bybit, OKX, Bitget, Kraken, HTX, Deribit.
Looping over multiple contract suffixes (such as USDT.P, USD.P, USDC.P, USD.PM) to capture different contract types on each venue.
Requesting OI candles from each venue + contract combination for the same underlying symbol.
Converting each OI stream into a common unit: In COIN mode, everything is normalized into coin-denominated OI. In USD mode, coin OI is multiplied by price to approximate notional OI.
Summing up open, high, low and close of OI across venues into a single aggregated OI candle.
If no valid OI is available for the current symbol across all sources, the script throws a clear runtime error so you know you are on an unsupported market.
This gives you a single, exchange-agnostic open interest curve instead of being tied to one venue. That aggregated OI is then passed into the RSI logic.
How the OI RSI is calculated
The RSI side is straightforward, but it is applied to the aggregated OI close:
Compute a base RSI of aggregated OI using the Calculation Period .
Apply a simple moving average of length Smoothing Period (SMA) to reduce noise in the raw OI RSI.
Optionally apply an EMA on top of the smoothed OI RSI as a moving average signal line.
Key parameters:
Calculation Period – base RSI length for OI.
Smoothing Period (SMA) – extra smoothing on the RSI value.
EMA Period – EMA length on the smoothed OI RSI.
The result is:
oi_rsi – raw RSI of aggregated OI.
oi_rsi_s – SMA-smoothed OI RSI.
ma – EMA of the smoothed OI RSI.
Thresholds and extremes
You control three core thresholds:
Mid Point – central reference level, typically 50.
Extreme Upper Threshold – high-level OI RSI edge (for example 80).
Extreme Lower Threshold – low-level OI RSI edge (for example 20).
These thresholds are used for:
Reference lines or OB/OS zone fills.
Heatmap gradient bounds.
Background highlighting of extremes.
The Extreme Highlighting mode controls how extremes are interpreted:
None – do nothing special in extreme regions.
Mean-Rev – background turns red on high OI RSI and green on low OI RSI, framing extremes as contrarian zones.
Trend – background turns green on high OI RSI and red on low OI RSI, framing extremes as participation zones aligned with the prevailing move.
Reference lines and OB/OS zones
You can choose:
None – clean plotting without guides.
Basic Reference Lines – mid, upper and lower thresholds as simple gray horizontals.
OB/OS Levels – filled zones between:
Upper OB: from the upper threshold to 100, colored with the short/overbought color.
Lower OS: from 0 to the lower threshold, colored with the long/oversold color.
These guides help visually anchor the OI RSI within "normal" versus "extreme" regions.
Plotting modes
The Plotting Type input controls how OI RSI is drawn. All modes share the same underlying OI and RSI logic, but emphasise different aspects of the signal.
1) Line mode
This is the classic oscillator representation:
Plots the smoothed OI RSI as a simple line using RSI Line Color and RSI Line Width .
Optionally plots the EMA overlay on the same panel.
Works well when you want standard RSI-style signals on leverage flows: crosses of the midline, divergences versus price, and so on.
2) Colored Line mode
In this mode:
The OI RSI is plotted as a line, but its color is dynamic.
If the smoothed OI RSI is above the mid point, it uses the Long/OB Color .
If it is below the mid point, it uses the Short/OS Color .
This creates an instant visual regime switch between "bullish positioning pressure" and "bearish positioning pressure", while retaining the feel of a traditional RSI line.
3) Oscillator mode
Oscillator mode renders OI RSI as vertical columns around the mid level:
The smoothed OI RSI is plotted as columns using plot.style_columns .
The histogram base is fixed at 50, so bars extend above and below the mid line.
Bar color is dynamic, using long or short colors depending on which side of the mid point the value sits.
This representation makes impulse and compression in OI flows more obvious. It is especially useful when you want to focus on how quickly OI RSI is expanding or contracting around its neutral level. See:
4) Flag mode
Flag mode turns OI RSI and its EMA into a two-line band with a filled area between them:
The smoothed OI RSI and its EMA are both plotted.
A fill is drawn between them.
The fill color flips between the long color and the short color depending on whether OI RSI is above or below its EMA.
Black outlines are added to both lines to make the band clear against any background.
This creates a "flag" style region where:
Green fills show OI RSI leading its EMA, suggesting positive positioning momentum.
Red fills show OI RSI trailing below its EMA, suggesting negative positioning momentum.
Crossovers of the two lines can be read as shifts in OI momentum regime.
Flag mode is useful if you want a more structural view that combines both the level and slope behaviour of OI RSI. See:
5) Heatmap mode
Heatmap mode recasts OI RSI as a single-row gradient instead of a line:
A single row at level 1 is plotted using column style.
The color is pulled from a gradient between the lower and upper thresholds: Near the lower threshold it approaches the short/oversold color and near the upper threshold it approaches the long/overbought color.
The EMA overlay and reference lines are disabled in this mode to keep the panel clean.
This is a very compact way to track OI RSI state at a glance, especially when stacking it alongside other indicators. See:
OI RSI vertical meter
Beyond the main plot, the script can draw a small "thermometer" table showing the current OI RSI position from 0 to 100:
The meter is a two-column table with a configurable number of rows.
Row colors form an inverted gradient: red at the top (100) and green at the bottom (0).
The script clamps OI RSI between 0 and 100 and maps it to a row index.
An arrow marker "▶" is drawn next to the row corresponding to the current OI RSI value.
0 and 100 labels are printed at the ends of the scale for orientation.
You control:
Show OI RSI Meter – turn the meter on or off.
OI RSI Blocks – number of vertical blocks (granularity).
OI RSI Meter Position – panel anchor (top/bottom, left/center/right).
The meter is particularly helpful if you keep the main plot in a small panel but still want an intuitive strength gauge.
How to read it as a market pressure gauge
Because this is an RSI built on aggregated open interest, its extremes and regimes speak to positioning pressure rather than price alone:
High OI RSI (near or above the upper threshold) indicates that open interest has been increasing aggressively relative to its recent history. This often coincides with crowded leverage and a buildup of directional pressure.
Low OI RSI (near or below the lower threshold) indicates aggressive de-leveraging or closing of positions, often associated with flushes, forced unwinds or post-liquidation clean-ups.
Values around the mid point indicate more balanced positioning flows.
You can combine this with price action:
Price up with rising OI RSI suggests fresh leverage joining the move, a more persistent trend.
Price up with falling OI RSI suggests shorts covering or longs taking profit, more fragile upside.
Price down with rising OI RSI suggests aggressive new shorts or levered selling.
Price down with falling OI RSI suggests de-leveraging and potential exhaustion of the move.
Trading applications
Trend confirmation on leverage flows
Use OI RSI to confirm or question a price trend:
In an uptrend, rising OI RSI with values above the mid point indicates supportive leverage flows.
In an uptrend, repeated failures to lift OI RSI above mid point or persistent weakness suggest less committed participation.
In a downtrend, strong OI RSI on the downside points to aggressive shorting.
Mean reversion in positioning
Use thresholds and the Mean-Rev highlight mode:
When OI RSI spends extended time above the upper threshold, the crowd is extended on one side. That can set up squeeze risk in the opposite direction.
When OI RSI has been pinned low, it suggests heavy de-leveraging. Once price stabilises, a re-risking phase is often not far away.
Background colours in Mean-Rev mode help visually identify these periods.
Regime mapping with plotting modes
Different plotting modes give different perspectives:
Heatmap mode for dashboard-style use where you just need to know "hot", "neutral" or "cold" on OI flows at a glance.
Oscillator mode for short term impulses and compression reads around the mid line. See:
Flag mode for blending level and trend of OI RSI into a single banded visual. See:
Settings overview
RSI group
Plotting Type – None, Line, Colored Line, Oscillator, Flag, Heatmap.
Calculation Period – base RSI length for OI.
Smoothing Period (SMA) – smoothing on RSI.
Moving Average group
Show EMA – toggle EMA overlay (not used in heatmap).
EMA Period – length of EMA on OI RSI.
EMA Color – colour of EMA line.
Thresholds group
Mid Point – central reference.
Extreme Upper Threshold and Extreme Lower Threshold – OB/OS thresholds.
Select Reference Lines – none, basic lines or OB/OS zone fills.
Extreme Highlighting – None, Mean-Rev, Trend.
Extra Plotting and UI
RSI Line Color and RSI Line Width .
Long/OB Color and Short/OS Color .
Show OI RSI Meter , OI RSI Blocks , OI RSI Meter Position .
Open Interest Source
OI Units – COIN or USD.
Exchange toggles: Binance, Bybit, OKX, Bitget, Kraken, HTX, Deribit.
Notes
This is a positioning and pressure tool, not a complete system. It:
Models aggregated futures open interest across multiple centralized exchanges.
Transforms that OI into an RSI-style oscillator for better comparability across regimes.
Offers several visual modes to match different workflows, from detailed analysis to compact dashboards.
Use it to understand how leverage and positioning are evolving behind the price, to gauge when the crowd is stretched, and to decide whether to lean with or against that pressure. Attach it to your existing signals, not in place of them.
Also, please check out @NoveltyTrade for the OI Aggregation logic & pulling the data source!
Here is the original script:
VB-MainLiteVB-MainLite – v1.0 Initial Release
Overview
VB-MainLite is a consolidated market-structure and execution framework designed to streamline decision-making into a single chart-level view. The script combines multi-timeframe trend, volatility, volume, and liquidity signals into one cohesive visual layer, reducing indicator clutter while preserving depth of information for active traders.
Core Architecture
Trend Backbone – EMA 200
Dedicated EMA 200 acts as the primary trend filter and higher-timeframe bias reference.
Serves as the “spine” of the system for contextualizing all secondary signals (swings, reversals, volume events, etc.).
Custom MA Suite (Envelope Ready)
Four configurable moving averages with flexible source, length, and smoothing.
Default configuration (preset idea: “8/89 Envelope”):
MA #1: EMA 8 on high
MA #2: EMA 8 on low
MA #3: EMA 89 on high
MA #4: EMA 89 on low
All four are disabled by default to keep the chart minimal. Users can toggle them on from the Custom MAs group for envelope or cloud-style configurations.
Nadaraya–Watson Smoother (Swing Framework)
Gaussian-kernel Nadaraya–Watson regression applied to price (hl2) to build a smooth synthetic curve.
Two layers of functionality:
Swing labels (▲ / ▼) at inflection points in the smoothed curve.
Optional curve line that visually tracks the turning structure over the last ~500 bars.
Designed to surface early swing potential before standard MAs react.
Hull Moving Average (Trend Overlay)
Optional Hull MA (HMA) for faster trend visualization.
Color-coded by slope (buy/sell bias).
Default: off to prevent overloading the chart; can be enabled under Hull MA settings.
Momentum, Exhaustion & Pattern Engine
CCI-Based Bar Coloring
CCI applied to close with configurable thresholds.
Overbought / oversold CCI zones map directly into candle coloring to visually highlight short-term momentum extremes.
RSI Top / Bottom Exhaustion Finder
RSI logic applied separately to high-driven (tops) and low-driven (bottoms) sequences.
Plots:
Top arrows where high-side RSI stretches into high-risk territory.
Bottom arrows where low-side RSI indicates exhaustion on the downside.
Useful as confluence around the Nadaraya swing turns and EMA 200 regime.
Engulfing + MA Trend Engine (“Fat Bull / Fat Bear”)
Detects bullish and bearish engulfing patterns, then combines them with MA trend cross logic.
Only when both pattern and MA regime align does the engine flag:
Fat Bull (Engulf + MA aligned long)
Fat Bear (Engulf + MA aligned short)
Candles are marked via conditional barcolor to highlight strong, structured shifts in control.
Fat Finger Detection (Wick Spikes / Stop Runs)
Identifies abnormal wick extensions relative to the prior bar’s body range with configurable tolerance.
Supports detection of potential liquidity grabs, stop runs, or “excess” that may precede reversals or mean-reversion behavior.
Volume & Liquidity Intelligence
Bull Snort (Aggressive Buy Spikes)
Flags events where:
Volume is significantly above the 50-period average, and
Price closes in the upper portion of the bar and above prior close.
Plots a labeled marker below the bar to indicate aggressive upside initiative by buyers.
Pocket Pivots (Accumulation Flags)
Compares current volume vs prior 10 sessions with a filter on prior “up” days.
Highlights pocket pivot days where current green candle volume outclasses recent down-day volumes, suggesting stealth accumulation.
Delta Volume Core (Directional Volume by Price)
Internal volume-by-price style engine over a user-defined lookback.
Splits volume into up-close and down-close buckets across dynamic price bins.
Feeds into S&R and ICT zone logic to quantify where buying vs selling pressure built up.
Structural Context: S&R and ICT Zones
S&R Power Channel
Computes local high/low band over a configurable lookback window.
Renders:
Upper and lower S&R channel lines.
Shaded support / resistance zones using boxes.
Adds Buy Power / Sell Power metrics based on the ratio of up vs down bars inside the window, displayed directly in the zone overlays.
Drops ◈ markers where price interacts dynamically with the top or bottom band, highlighting reaction points.
ICT-Style Premium / Discount & Macro Zones
Two tiered structures:
Local Premium / Discount zones over a shorter SR window.
Macro Premium / Discount zones over a longer macro window.
Each zone:
Uses underlying directional volume to annotate accumulation vs distribution bias.
Provides Delta Volume Bias shading in the mid-band region, visually encoding whether local power flows are net-buying or net-selling.
Enables traders to quickly see whether current trade location is in a local/macro discount or premium context while still respecting volume profile.
Positioning Intelligence: PCD (Stocks)
Position Cost Distribution (PCD) – Stocks Only
Available for stock symbols on intraday up to daily timeframe (≤ 1D).
Uses:
TOTAL_SHARES_OUTSTANDING fundamentals,
Daily OHLCV snapshot, and
A bucketed distribution engine
to approximate cost basis distribution across price.
Outputs:
Horizontal “PCD bars” to the right of current price, density-scaled by estimated share concentration.
Color-coding by profitability relative to current price (profitable vs unprofitable positions).
Labels for:
Current price
Average cost
Profit ratio (share % below current price)
90% cost range
70% cost range
Range overlap as a measure of clustering / concentration.
Multi-Timeframe Trend: Two-Pole Gaussian Dashboard
Two-Pole Gaussian Filter (Line + Cloud)
Smooths a user-selected source (default: close) using a two-pole Gaussian filter with tunable alpha.
Plots:
A thin Gaussian trend line, and
A thick Gaussian “cloud” line with transparency, colored by slope vs past (offsetG).
Functions as a responsive trend backbone that is more sensitive than EMA 200 but less noisy than raw price.
Multi-Timeframe Gaussian Dashboard
Evaluates Gaussian trend direction across up to six timeframes (e.g., 1H / 2H / 4H / Daily / Weekly).
Renders a compact bottom-right table:
Header: symbol + overall bias arrow (up / down) based on average trend alignment.
Row of colored cells per timeframe (green for uptrend, magenta for downtrend) with human-readable TF labels (e.g., “60M”, “4H”, “1D”).
Gives an immediate read on whether intraday, swing, and higher-timeframe flows are aligned or fragmented.
Default Configuration & Usage Guidance
Default state after adding the script:
Enabled by default:
EMA 200 trend backbone
Nadaraya–Watson swing labels and curve
CCI bar coloring
RSI top/bottom arrows
Fat Bull / Fat Bear engine
Bull Snort & Pocket Pivots
S&R Power Channel
ICT Local + Macro zones
Two-pole Gaussian line + cloud + dashboard
PCD engine for stocks (auto-active where data is available)
Disabled by default (opt-in):
Custom MA suite (4x MAs, preset as EMA 8/8/89/89)
Hull MA overlay
How traders can use VB-MainLite in practice:
Use EMA 200 + Gaussian dashboard to define top-down directional bias and avoid trading directly against multi-TF trend.
Use Nadaraya swing labels, RSI exhaustion arrows, and CCI bar colors to time entries within that higher-timeframe bias.
Use Fat Bull / Fat Bear events as structured confirmation that both pattern and MA regime have flipped in the same direction.
Use Bull Snort, Pocket Pivots, and S&R / ICT zones to align execution with liquidity, volume, and location (premium vs discount).
On stocks, use PCD as a positioning map to understand trapped supply, support zones near crowded cost basis, and where profit-taking is likely.
Bollinger Bands Delta Matrix Analytics [BDMA] Bollinger Bands Delta Matrix Analytics (BDMA) v7.0
Deep Kinetic Engine – 5x8 Volatility & Delta Decision Matrix
1. Introduction & Concept
Bollinger Bands Delta Matrix Analytics (BDMA) v7.0 is an analytical framework that merges:
- Spatial analysis via Bollinger Bands (%B location),
- with a 4-factor Deep Kinetic Engine based on:
• Total Volume
• Buy Volume
• Sell Volume
• Delta (Buy – Sell) Z-Scores
and converts them into an expanded 5×8 decision matrix that continuously tracks where price is trading and how the underlying orderflow is behaving.
BDMA is not a trading system or strategy. It does not generate entry/exit signals.
Instead, it provides a structured contextual map of volatility, volume, and delta so traders can:
- identify climactic extensions vs. fakeouts,
- distinguish strong initiative moves vs. passive absorption,
- and detect squeezes, traps, and liquidity voids with a unified visual dashboard.
2. Spatial Engine – Bollinger S-States (S1–S5)
The spatial dimension of BDMA comes from classic Bollinger Bands.
Price location is expressed as Percent B (%B) and mapped into 5 spatial states (S-States):
S1 – Hyper Extension (Above Upper Band)
Price has pushed beyond the upper Bollinger Band.
Often associated with parabolic or blow-off behavior, late-stage momentum, and elevated reversal risk.
S2 – Resistance Test (Upper Zone)
Price trades in the upper Bollinger region but remains inside the bands.
Represents a sustained test of resistance, typically within an established or emerging uptrend.
S3 – Neutral Zone (Middle)
Price hovers around the mid-band.
This is the mean reversion gravity field where the market often consolidates or transitions between regimes.
S4 – Support Test (Lower Zone)
Price trades in the lower Bollinger region but inside the bands.
Represents a sustained test of support within range or downtrend structures.
S5 – Hyper Drop (Below Lower Band)
Price extends below the lower Bollinger Band.
Often aligned with panic, forced liquidations, or capitulation-type behavior, with increased snap-back risk.
These 5 S-States define the vertical axis (rows) of the BDMA matrix.
3. Deep Kinetic Engine – 4-Factor Z-Score & D-States (D1–D8)
The Deep Kinetic Engine transforms raw volume and delta into standardized Z-Scores to measure how abnormal current activity is relative to its recent history.
For each bar:
- Raw Buy Volume is estimated from the candle’s position within its range
- Raw Sell Volume is complementary to buy volume
- Raw Delta = Buy Volume – Sell Volume
- Total Volume = Buy Volume + Sell Volume
These 4 series are then normalized using a unified Z-Score lookback to produce:
1. Z_Vol_Total – overall activity and liquidity intensity
2. Z_Vol_Buy – aggression from buyers (attack)
3. Z_Vol_Sell – aggression from sellers (defense or attack)
4. Z_Delta – net victory of one side over the other
Thresholds for Extreme, Significant, and Neutral Z-Score levels are fully configurable, allowing you to tune the sensitivity of the kinetic states.
Using Z_Vol_Total and Z_Delta (plus threshold logic), BDMA assigns one of 8 Deep Kinetic states (D-States):
D1 – Climax Buy
Extreme Total Volume + Extreme Positive Delta → Buying climax or blow-off behavior.
D2 – Strong Buy
High Volume + High Positive Delta → Confirmed bullish initiative activity.
D3 – Weak Buy / Fakeout
Low Volume + High Positive Delta → Bullish delta without commitment, low-liquidity breakout risk.
D4 – Absorption / Conflict
High Volume + Neutral Delta → Aggressive two-way trade, strong absorption, war zone behavior.
D5 – Neutral
Low Volume + Neutral Delta → Low-energy environment with low conviction.
D6 – Weak Sell / Fakeout
Low Volume + High Negative Delta → Bearish delta without commitment, low-liquidity breakdown risk.
D7 – Strong Sell
High Volume + High Negative Delta → Confirmed bearish initiative activity.
D8 – Capitulation
Extreme Volume + Extreme Negative Delta → Panic selling or capitulation regime.
These 8 D-States define the horizontal axis (columns) of the BDMA matrix.
4. The 5×8 BDMA Decision Matrix
The core of BDMA is a 5×8 matrix where:
- Rows (1–5) = Spatial S-States (S1…S5)
- Columns (1–8) = Kinetic D-States (D1…D8)
Each of the 40 possible combinations (SxDy) is pre-computed and mapped to:
- a Status or Regime Title (for example: Climax Breakout, Bear Trap Spring, Capitulation Breakdown),
- a Bias (Climactic Bull, Neutral, Strong Bear, Conflict or Reversal Risk, and similar labels),
- and a Strategic Signal or Consideration (for example: High reversal risk, Wait for confirmation, Low probability zone – avoid).
Internally, BDMA resolves all 40 regimes so the current state can be displayed on the dashboard without performance overhead.
5. Key Regime Families (How to Read the Matrix)
5.1. Breakouts and Breakdowns
Climax Breakout (Top-side)
Spatial S1 with Kinetic D1 or D2
Bias: Explosive or Extreme Bull
Signal:
- Strong or climactic upside extension with abnormal bullish orderflow.
- Trend continuation is possible, but reversal risk is extremely high after blow-off phases.
Low-Conviction Breakout (Fakeout Risk)
S1 with D3 (Weak Buy, low liquidity)
Bias: Weak Bull – Caution
Signal:
- Breakout not supported by volume.
- Elevated risk of failed auction or bull trap.
Capitulation Breakdown (Bottom-side)
Spatial S5 with Kinetic D8
Bias: Climactic Bear (panic)
Signal:
- Capitulation-type selling or forced liquidations.
- Trend can still proceed, but snap-back or violent short-covering risk is high.
Initiative Breakdown vs. Weak Breakdown
- Strong, high-volume breakdown typically corresponds to D7 (Strong Sell).
- Low-volume breakdown often corresponds to D6 (Weak Sell or Fakeout) with potential for failure.
5.2. Absorption, Traps and Springs
Absorption at Resistance (Top-side conflict)
S1 or S2 with D4 (Absorption or Conflict)
Bias: Conflict – Extreme Tension
Signal:
- Heavy two-way trade near resistance.
- Potential distribution or reversal if sellers begin to dominate.
Bull Trap or Failed Auction
Typically S1 with D6 (Weak Sell breakdown behavior after a top-side attempt)
Indicates a breakout attempt that fails and reverses, often after poor liquidity structure.
Absorption at Support and Bear Trap (Spring)
S4 or S5 with D4 or D3
Bias: Conflict or Weak Bear – Reversal Risk
Signal:
- Aggressive buying into lows (spring or shakeout behavior).
- Potential bear trap if price reclaims lost territory.
5.3. Trend Phases
Strong Uptrend Phases
Typically seen when S2–S3 combine with strong bullish kinetic behavior.
Bias: Strong or Extreme Bull
Signal:
- Pullbacks into S3 or S4 with supportive kinetic states often act as trend continuation zones.
Strong Downtrend Phases
Typically seen when S3–S4 combine with strong bearish kinetic behavior.
Bias: Strong or Extreme Bear
Signal:
- Rallies into resistance with strong bearish kinetic backing may act as continuation sell zones.
5.4. Neutral, Exhaustion and Squeeze
Exhaustion or Liquidity Void
S1 or S5 with D5 (Neutral kinetics)
Bias: Neutral or Exhaustion
Signal:
- Spatial extremes without kinetic confirmation.
- Often marks the end of a move, with poor follow-through.
Choppy, Low-Activity Range
S3 with D5
Bias: Neutral
Signal:
- Low volume, low conviction market.
- Typically a low-probability environment where standing aside can be logical.
Squeeze or High-Tension Zone
S3 with D4 or tightly clustered kinetic values
Bias: Conflict or High Tension
Signal:
- Hidden battle inside a volatility contraction.
- Often precedes large directionally-biased moves.
6. Dashboard Layout & Reading Guide
When Show Dashboard is enabled, BDMA displays:
1. Title and Status Line
Name of the current regime (for example: Climax Breakout, Bear Trap Spring, Mean Reversion).
2. Bias Line
Plain-language summary of directional context such as Climactic Bull, Strong Bear, Neutral, or Conflict and Reversal Risk.
3. Signal or Strategic Notes
Concise guidance focused on risk and context, not entries. For example:
- High reversal risk – aggressive traders only
- Wait for confirmation (break or rejection)
- Low probability zone – avoid taking new positions
4. Kinetic Profile (4-Factor Z-Score)
Shows the current Z-Scores for Total Volume (Activity), Buy Volume (Attack), Sell Volume (Defense), and Delta (Net Result).
5. Matrix Heatmap (5×8)
Visual representation of S-State vs. D-State with color coding:
- Bullish clusters in a green spectrum
- Bearish clusters in a red spectrum
- Conflict or exhaustion zones in yellow, amber, or neutral tones
The dashboard can be repositioned (top right, middle right, or bottom right) and its size can be adjusted (Tiny, Small, Normal, or Large) to fit different layouts.
7. Inputs & Customization
7.1. Core Parameters (Bollinger and Z-Score)
- Bollinger Length and Standard Deviation define the spatial engine.
- Z-Score Lookback (All Factors) defines how many bars are used to normalize volume and delta.
7.2. Deep Kinetic Thresholds
- Extreme Threshold defines what is considered climactic (D1 or D8).
- Significant Threshold distinguishes strong initiative vs. weak or fakeout behavior.
- Neutral Threshold is the band within which delta is treated as neutral.
These thresholds allow you to tune the sensitivity of the kinetic classification to fit different timeframes or instruments.
7.3. Calculation Method (Volume Delta)
Geometry (Approx)
- Fast, non-repainting approach based on candle geometry.
- Suitable for most users and real-time decision-making.
Intrabar (Precise)
- Uses lower-timeframe data for more precise volume delta estimation.
- Intrabar mode can repaint and requires compatible data and plan support on the platform.
- Best used for post-analysis or research, not blind automation.
7.4. Visuals and Interface
- Toggle Bollinger Bands visibility on or off.
- Switch between Dark and Light color themes.
- Configure dashboard visibility, matrix heatmap display, position, and size.
8. Multi-Language Semantic Engine (Asia and Middle East Focus)
BDMA v7.0 includes a fully integrated multi-language layer, targeting a wide geographic user base.
Supported Languages:
English, Türkçe, Русский, 简体中文, हिन्दी, العربية, فارسی, עברית
All dashboard labels, regime titles, bias descriptions, and signal texts are dynamically translated via an internal dictionary, while semantic meaning is kept consistent across languages.
This makes BDMA suitable for multi-language communities, study groups, and educational content across different regions.
However, due to the heavy computational load of the Deep Kinetic Engine and TradingView’s strict Pine Script execution limits, it was not possible to expand support to additional languages. Adding more translation layers would significantly increase memory usage and exceed runtime constraints. For this reason, the current language set represents the maximum optimized configuration achievable without compromising performance or stability.
9. Practical Usage Notes
BDMA is most powerful when used as a contextual overlay on top of market structure (HH, HL, LH, LL), higher-timeframe trend, key levels, and your own execution framework.
Recommended usage:
- Identify the current regime (Status and Bias).
- Check whether price location (S-State) and kinetic behavior (D-State) agree with your trade idea.
- Be especially cautious in climactic and absorption or conflict zones, where volatility and risk can be elevated.
Avoid treating BDMA as an automatic green equals buy, red equals sell tool.
The real edge comes from understanding where you are in the volatility or kinetic spectrum, not from forcing signals out of the matrix.
10. Limitations & Important Warnings
BDMA does not predict the future.
It organizes current and recent data into a structured context.
Volume data quality depends on the underlying symbol, exchange, and broker feed.
Forex, crypto, indices, and stocks may all behave differently.
Intrabar mode can repaint and is sensitive to lower-timeframe data availability and your plan type.
Use it with extra caution and primarily for research.
No indicator can remove the need for clear trading rules, disciplined risk management, and psychological control.
11. Disclaimer
This script is provided strictly for educational and analytical purposes.
It is not a trading system, signal service, financial product, or investment advice.
Nothing in this indicator or its description should be interpreted as a recommendation to buy or sell any asset.
Past behavior of any indicator or market pattern does not guarantee future results.
Trading and investing involve significant risk, including the risk of losing more than your initial capital in leveraged products.
You are solely responsible for your own decisions, risk management, and results.
By using this script, you acknowledge that you understand these risks and agree that the author or authors and publisher or publishers are not liable for any loss or damage arising from its use.
VaCs Pro Max by CS (Final Version - V9)VaCs Pro Max by CS (Final Version - V9) – TradingView Indicator Overview
Introduction:
The VaCs Pro Max indicator is a comprehensive, all-in-one technical analysis tool designed for traders who seek a clear, visual, and flexible overview of market trends, levels, sessions, and key signals. This advanced TradingView script integrates multiple technical indicators, market level trackers, session visualizations, and the innovative AlphaTrend module to provide actionable insights across any timeframe.
1. Technical Indicators:
This module combines essential trend-following and market momentum tools:
VWAP (Volume Weighted Average Price): Shows the average price weighted by volume, helping traders identify key support/resistance levels. Customizable color allows easy chart visibility.
EMAs (Exponential Moving Averages): Two EMAs (fast and long) track short-term and long-term price trends. Traders can adjust lengths and colors for personalized analysis.
Parabolic SAR: Highlights potential trend reversals with dots above/below candles. Step and maximum settings allow fine-tuning for sensitivity.
S2F Bands (Stock-to-Flow): A dynamic band system representing mid, upper, and lower levels derived from EMA. Useful for identifying overbought/oversold zones.
Logarithmic Growth Channel (LGC): Provides logarithmic regression channels, highlighting long-term price structure and growth trends. Adjustable length and band colors.
Linear Regressions: Two regression lines (short and long) detect trend directions and deviations over customizable periods.
Liquidity Zones: Highlights recent highs/lows over a defined lookback period, showing potential support/resistance clusters.
SMC Markers (Swing Market Context): Marks pivot highs and lows using visual labels, helping identify swing points and trend continuation patterns.
2. Market Levels:
Track weekly and Monday high/low levels for precise intraday and swing trading decisions:
Weekly Levels: Highlight the previous week’s high and low for reference.
Monday Levels: Focus on the day’s opening range, particularly useful for weekly breakout strategies.
3. Session Boxes (UTC):
Visual boxes mark major trading sessions (London, New York) in UTC time:
London Session Box: Highlights market activity between 08:00–16:30 UTC.
New York Session Box: Highlights market activity between 13:30–20:00 UTC.
Boxes automatically adjust to session highs and lows for clear intraday structure visualization.
4. Vertical Session Lines (Turkey Time – UTC+3):
These vertical lines provide an easy-to-read visualization of key market opens and closes:
US (NYSE), EU (LSE), JP (TSE), CN (SSE) lines: Color-coded and labeled, showing market opening and closing times in Turkish local time.
Ideal for identifying session overlaps and liquidity spikes.
5. AlphaTrend Module:
The AlphaTrend module is a dynamic trend-following system offering both visual guidance and trade signals:
Trend Calculation: Uses ATR and RSI/MFI logic to determine dynamic trend levels.
Signals: Generates BUY and SELL markers based on trend crossovers.
Customizable Settings: Multiplier, period, source input, and volume data modes allow tailored sensitivity.
Visuals: Filled areas between main and lag lines highlight trend direction, making it easy to interpret market bias at a glance.
Alerts: Includes multiple alert conditions such as potential and confirmed BUY/SELL, and price crossovers, suitable for automated notifications.
Usage & Benefits:
All modules have on/off toggles in the input panel, allowing users to customize the chart view without losing performance.
Color-coded visuals, session boxes, and trend channels improve readability, especially during high volatility.
Suitable for day trading, swing trading, and long-term analysis due to multi-timeframe adaptability.
The combination of trend indicators, liquidity zones, and session analysis provides a holistic view of market structure.
Alerts enable traders to automate monitoring without constantly staring at the chart.
Conclusion:
VaCs Pro Max by CS (V9) is designed for both professional and semi-professional traders who want an all-inclusive, visually intuitive, and highly configurable TradingView indicator. It merges classical technical indicators with modern trend and session analysis tools, making it an indispensable tool for informed trading decisions.
Zonas de Liquidez Pro + Puntos de GiroAnalysis of Your BTC/USDT 4H Chart
Here’s the breakdown of the liquidity zones shown on your chart and what each element means:
🔴 Resistance Zones (Red Lines)
R 126199.43 – Upper dotted line
Level: ~$126,199
Strength: = Moderate zone
Touch count: 1 touch | 1 rejection
Meaning: Weak resistance, price has only reacted here once.
Dotted line = few historical rejections.
R 111263.81 – Thick solid red line
Level: ~$111,263
Strength: = Strong zone
Touch count: 3 touches | 2 rejections
Meaning: Major resistance level, strongly defended multiple times.
Solid, thicker line = very respected zone.
R 111250.01 – Solid red line (high strength)
Level: ~$111,250
Strength: = Extremely strong
Touch count: 5 touches | 4 rejections
Meaning: This is a critical zone, heavy liquidity stacked here.
Score 19 = institutional-grade liquidity zone.
R 107508.00 – Lower dotted line
Level: ~$107,508
Strength: = Strong zone
Touch count: 4 touches | 1 rejection
Meaning: Previously acting as resistance, now above current price.
💧 “LIQ” Markers – Liquidity Grabs
The yellow LIQ tags signal liquidity grabs.
Pattern detected:
Price taps the strong resistance around $111,263
Wicks above → triggers stop-losses
Closes back below → fake breakout
High volume → institutional stop-hunting
This led directly to the strong downside move.
🎯 Current Price Context
Current price: ~$91,533
Price is below all major resistance zones
Market structure is bearish
Price is far from major liquidity areas
📉 What Happened
The 111k resistance cluster acted as a massive ceiling
Multiple failed breakouts = institutional selling
Liquidity grabs at the top → trap for late buyers
Price then dumped from $111k to $91k (≈ -18%)
🎲 Probable Scenarios
Bullish Scenario 📈
If price returns to the $107,508 zone → first resistance test
Break with volume → target $111,250
Needs a confirmed close above to validate a breakout
Bearish Scenario 📉
If demand remains weak → continuation lower
Watch for new demand zones forming below price
Rejection from $107k–$111k would confirm bearish continuation
🔍 Key Signals to Watch
Bullish:
Price revisits resistance zone
Liquidity grab below support (fake breakdown)
Strong close back above with volume
Bearish:
New lows below $91k
Volume increasing on down moves
New resistance forming overhead
💡 Trading Approach
If you're a buyer (long bias):
Wait for price to pull into a strong demand zone
Look for bullish rejection + volume
Stop-loss below the zone
If you're a seller (short bias):
Ideal entry already happened at 111k (liquidity trap)
Look for a pullback into $107k–$111k
Watch for bearish rejection signs
Conservative Approach
Don’t trade in the middle of nowhere
Wait for price to reach a liquidity zone
Liquidity zones act as magnets → safest places to form trades
🎓 Key Takeaways
High-score zones like are extremely difficult to break → respect them
Liquidity grabs signaled the reversal perfectly
Strong rejections at 111k = smart money unloading
Thicker solid lines = more reliable levels
SMI Color Red/Green📌 TradingView Description – SMI Red/Green Momentum Line
🔥 Stochastics Momentum Index (SMI) – Dynamic Red/Green Version
This indicator is an enhanced and modernized version of the Stochastic Momentum Index (SMI), designed to deliver a more visual, intuitive, and responsive view of trend momentum.
It includes:
✔️ Smoothed SMI
✔️ Dynamic Red/Green momentum coloring
✔️ Signal EMA line
✔️ Overbought/Oversold zones with shading
🎨 Dynamic Red/Green SMI Line
The main SMI line automatically changes color based on momentum direction:
Green → Bullish momentum (SMI rising)
Red → Bearish momentum (SMI falling)
This provides instant visual feedback and highlights early momentum changes even before traditional signal-line crossovers.
📉 Indicator Structure
1️⃣ Smoothed SMI
The SMI is calculated using the price’s position inside its range and then smoothed with an SMA to reduce noise.
2️⃣ EMA Signal Line
A customizable EMA acts as a signal line, providing:
Clear bullish/bearish crossovers
Trend confirmation
Cleaner entry/exit signals
3️⃣ Overbought / Oversold Zones
Extreme levels are highlighted using color-filled zones:
Red Zone (Overbought) → potential bearish reversal
Green Zone (Oversold) → potential bullish reversal
Levels are fully adjustable.
💡 How to Use It
The indicator works exceptionally well across all timeframes.
The most powerful signals are:
✔️ SMI crossing above/below the EMA
SMI crosses above EMA → bullish signal
SMI crosses below EMA → bearish signal
✔️ Leaving Overbought/Oversold zones
SMI exits the oversold zone → potential long setup
SMI exits the overbought zone → potential short setup
✔️ Color shifts (momentum direction)
Red → Green : early bullish momentum
Green → Red : early bearish momentum
Perfect for scalping, day trading, and swing trading.
🚀 Why This Version Is Better
Extremely visual momentum reading
Noise reduction through smoothing
Instantly readable color-coded trend
Strong OB/OS zone visualization
Works on any market and timeframe
Great in combination with RSI, MACD, HMA, ALMA, and trend filters
If you'd like, I can also write:
🔹 a SEO-optimized title,
🔹 recommended TradingView tags,
🔹 or a shorter promotional description.
Smoothed VWAP Bands + EMAsSmoothed VWAP bands
With my script, you take the raw standard deviation and apply an EMA (exponential moving
Advantages:
1. Less noise:
* The bands don’t jump around with every tiny price spike.
* Makes it easier to judge real price extremes.
2. Better zone visualization:
* Inner and outer bands are smoother and more visually “stable.”
* Easier to see meaningful trends, support/resistance, and breakout zones.
3. Fewer fakeouts:
* Traders can filter out small false signals because smoothed bands only move when volatility actually changes.
4. Dynamic to volatility:
* EMA smoothing keeps the bands adaptive:
* In quiet periods, bands tighten.
* In volatile periods, bands expand.
* But it avoids extreme jitter caused by every micro-move.
Safe Zone Rules
1. Long entries (green zone):
* Price above VWAP (trend bullish).
* Price inside inner band ±1σ (not touching outer extremes).
* Optional: candle close confirmation (price fully above inner band).
2. Short entries (red zone):
* Price below VWAP (trend bearish).
* Price inside inner band ±1σ.
* Optional: candle close confirmation.
3. Outer bands (±2σ):
* Considered overextended zones → avoid entries to reduce fakeouts.
4. Visual cues:
* Safe zones shaded lightly green/red inside inner band.
* Outer bands remain unshaded (for context).
Here’s a cheat sheet for trading the Smoothed VWAP Bands + EMAs that shows safe entry zones and trend alignment clearly.
Smoothed VWAP Bands + EMAs Cheat Sheet
Price Action Relative to Bands & EMAs
+2σ (Outer Upper Band)
----------------
Extreme volatility zone
Avoid entries here
+1σ (Inner Upper Band)
----------------
Safe zone limit for longs
Consider profit taking here
VWAP Line (Green = Bullish, Red = Bearish)
==================
Core trend indicator
Only trade in VWAP trend direction
-1σ (Inner Lower Band)
----------------
Safe zone limit for shorts
Good for entries in trend direction
-2σ (Outer Lower Band)
----------------
Extreme volatility zone
Avoid entries here
1️⃣ Trend Direction with VWAP & EMAs
* VWAP → shows the overall session trend.
* Price above VWAP → bullish
* Price below VWAP → bearish
* EMA 5 (blue) → short-term momentum
* EMA 20 (orange) → medium-term trend
Rule: Only take trades in the direction of the trend:
* Long trades → price > VWAP and EMA 5 > EMA 20
* Short trades → price < VWAP and EMA 5 < EMA 20
This prevents chasing trades against the trend and reduces fakeouts.
2️⃣ Entry Zones Using Smoothed VWAP Bands
* Inner band (±1σ) → “safe entry zone”
* Outer band (±2σ) → volatility extremes → avoid entries here
Rule: Enter longs inside the inner band above VWAP and shorts inside the inner band below VWAP.
Best used on intraday timeframes.
15, 5, 2, 1 min charts.
ICS🏛️ Institutional Confluence Suite (ICS) Indicator
The Institutional Confluence Suite is a powerful and highly customizable TradingView indicator built to help traders identify key institutional trading concepts across multiple timeframes. It visualizes essential market components like Market Structures (MS), Order Blocks (OB)/Breaker Blocks (BB), Liquidity Zones, and Volume Profile, providing a confluence of institutional price action data.
📈 Key Features & Components
1. Market Structures (MS)
Purpose: Automatically identifies and labels shifts in market trends (Market Structure Shift, MSS) and continuations (Break of Structure, BOS).
Timeframe Detection: You can select detection across Short Term, Intermediate Term, or Long Term swings to match your trading horizon.
Visualization: Plots colored lines (Bullish: Teal, Bearish: Red) to mark the structures and optional text labels (BOS/MSS) for clear identification.
2. Order & Breaker Blocks (OB/BB)
Purpose: Detects and projects potential Supply and Demand zones based on recent price action that led to a swing high or low.
Block Types: Distinguishes between standard Order Blocks and Breaker Blocks (OBs that fail to hold and are traded through, often serving as support/resistance in the opposite direction).
Customization:
Detection Term: Adjusts sensitivity (Short, Intermediate, Long Term).
Display Limit: Sets the maximum number of recent Bullish and Bearish blocks to display.
Price Reference: Option to use the Candle Body (Open/Close) or Candle Wicks (High/Low) to define the block boundaries.
Visualization: Displays blocks as colored boxes (Bullish: Green, Bearish: Red) extending into the future, with a dotted line marking the 50% equilibrium level. Breaker Blocks are indicated by a change in color/line style upon being broken.
3. Buyside & Sellside Liquidity (BSL/SSL)
Purpose: Highlights areas where retail stops/limit orders are likely clustered, often represented by a series of relatively equal highs (Buyside Liquidity) or lows (Sellside Liquidity).
Detection Term: Adjustable sensitivity (Short, Intermediate, Long Term).
Margin: Uses a margin (derived from ATR) to group similar swing points into a single liquidity zone.
Visualization: Plots a line and text label marking the swing point, and a box indicating the clustered liquidity zone.
4. Liquidity Voids (LV) / Fair Value Gaps (FVG)
Purpose: Identifies areas where price moved sharply and inefficiency was created, often referred to as Fair Value Gaps or Imbalances. These are price ranges where minimal trading volume occurred.
Threshold: Uses a multiplier applied to the 200-period ATR to filter for significant gaps.
Mode: Can be set to Present (only show voids near the current price) or Historical (show all detected voids).
Visualization: Fills the price gap with colored boxes (Bullish/Bearish zones), often segmented to represent the price delivery across the gap.
5. Enhanced Liquidity Detection
Purpose: A complementary feature that uses volume and price action to highlight areas of high liquidity turnover, potentially indicating stronger Support and Resistance zones.
Calculation: Utilizes a volume-weighted approach to color-grade liquidity zones based on their significance.
Visualization: Plots shaded boxes (gradient-colored) around swing highs/lows, with text displaying the normalized volume strength.
6. Swing Highs/Lows
Purpose: Directly marks the price points identified as Swing Highs and Swing Lows based on the lookback periods.
Timeframe Detection: Can be enabled for Short Term, Intermediate Term, or Long Term swings.
Visualization: Plots a small colored dot/label (e.g., "⦁") at the swing point.
This indicator is an invaluable tool for traders employing ICT (Inner Circle Trader), Smart Money Concepts (SMC), or general price action strategies, as it automatically aggregates and displays these critical structural and liquidity elements.
X Trade Plan [asset]A precision-structured execution framework designed to identify, map, and visualize targeted areas of interest derived from prior end-of-day AVWAP levels. These areas represent historically important zones where order flow has previously rotated, absorbed, or redistributed—making them highly relevant for future intraday decision-making.
This tool is intended to work in direct combination with the X Tail that Wags indicator, which calculates and projects the previous session’s ending AVWAP forward into the next trading day. The projected end-of-day AVWAP levels serve as a backbone for this Trade Plan: each level is wrapped, extended, and visually organized into a standardized zone structure that the trader can interpret quickly and consistently.
Purpose and Core Concept
Markets consistently respond to prior session value. The end-of-day AVWAP reflects the final consensus price where volume and time-weighted participation reached equilibrium before the session closed. When carried forward, these levels often act as real-world:
Reversion points
Liquidity pockets
Control centers
Continuation or rejection pivots
Absorption shelves and distribution tops
By framing these AVWAP-derived levels into controlled ranges—each with a slight configurable margin—the indicator transforms abstract numbers into objective, visually actionable trading zones.
How This Indicator Works
The user inputs up to fifteen prior AVWAP levels that came from X Tail that Wags’ “Previous End-of-Day AVWAP” readouts. For each active level, X Trade Plan automatically:
Builds a structured zone around the AVWAP using a user-defined ± margin
Draws a filled box from the anchor bar forward a customizable distance
Adds optional top/bottom price labels for precision
Optionally draws a mid-line representing the core of the zone
Displays custom text labels for classification, notes, or tiering
Refreshes anchor points at user-selected higher-timeframe boundaries (e.g., Daily) so zones “reset cleanly” at each new session
Everything is designed to ensure consistent, non-overlapping, visually efficient zones that maintain chart clarity even when multiple levels are active.
Intended Use in a Trade Plan
This indicator is not a signal generator.
It is a structural mapping tool designed for traders who build a daily plan around:
1. Prior Value → Future Reaction
Price commonly retests, respects, or rejects previous session AVWAP levels. These zones act as tactical reference points to evaluate:
Whether price is accepting value
Rejecting value
Targeting inefficiencies
Passing through low-resistance channels
2. Defining Areas of Interest (AOIs)
Each zone identifies where:
Positioning from previous sessions may still exist
Liquidity may sit
Algorithmic systems often pivot
High-volume traders previously accumulated or distributed
3. Enhancing Bias and Scenario Planning
When used with X Tail that Wags, traders can combine:
Current session AVWAP direction
Prior session ending AVWAP levels
The constructed Trade Plan zones
to produce:
Meaningful upside/downside targets
Control-center ranges
Lean / location for entries
Expected reaction points
This synergy turns raw historical AVWAP data into actionable structure.
Why These Levels Matter
End-of-day AVWAP levels are powerful because they encapsulate:
The final “fair value” of the prior session
Where the most volume-weighted agreement occurred
Where institutional inventory was likely set or hedged
The price many algos and funds benchmark against
When the next session opens, these prior value levels serve as magnets and decision boundaries, helping traders anticipate:
High-probability pullback zones
Reversals off previous value
Break-and-go continuation levels
Failure points where trapped participants are forced to exit
Summary
X Trade Plan
𝑎
𝑠
𝑠
𝑒
𝑡
asset transforms prior AVWAP levels—sourced from X Tail that Wags—into a structured visual map of the market’s most relevant historical value areas. These zones are used to shape a deliberate, rules-based Trade Plan that identifies where the market is likely to react, pause, rotate, or accelerate during the current session.
When paired with X Tail that Wags, this indicator provides a powerful, integrated workflow for traders who rely on value-based context, precise levels, and scenario-driven preparation.
